This study aimed to investigate the effects of Tarantula cubensis alcohol extract (TCAE, Theranekron) and Sorafenib (S) treatments on carcinogenesis, apoptosis and biochemical profile of rats with experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the presented study, 58 male rats were divided into 7 groups; Negative Control (NC, n = 6), NC + TCAE (NCT, n = 6), NC + Sorafenib (NCS, n = 6), Positive Control (PC, n = 10), Positive Control + TCAE (PCT, n = 10), Positive Control + Sorafenib (PCS, n = 10), Positive Control + TCAE + Sorafenib (PCTS, n = 10). The active ingredients Diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 120 mg/kg, single dose) and Nitrosomorpholine (NMOR, 50 ppm, 21 weeks orally) were used to induce HCC in rats. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized under appropriate conditions and samples were collected for biochemical and pathological investigations. In the PC group, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels were higher (p < 0.001) and urea levels were lower (p < 0.001) compared to all other groups. Treatment groups reorganized the relevant markers (ALT, AST, GGT, and urea). A significant increase was detected in Caspase-10, Caspase-3 and Granzyme-B (GrzB) (p < 0.001) in blood and Caspase-10 and GrzB (p < 0.05) in liver tissue in PCT, PCS and PCTS groups compared to the PC group. Histopathological examination revealed that the PC group showed cancer morphology, and the treatment groups caused a decrease in tumor incidence and size. Our current findings suggest that the mechanism of action of TCAE in HCC is through the NKs/CTLs-GrzB-Casp10-Casp3 signaling pathway and can be used in combination with chemotherapy drugs for the development of future drug designs.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of red lighting on blood and milk melatonin levels, and milk quality. The experiment was carried out on 6 lactating Holstein Dairy cows, which were being reared at the Hümeyra Özgen Research and Application Farm, affiliated to Selcuk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. After a control period of 15 days in which night lighting was not applied (control group), night lighting was provided by LED bulbs emitting red light with a wavelength of 652 nm during the following 15-day trial period (experimental group). On days 5th, 10th and 15th days of the control and experimental groups, milk and blood samples were taken at the 06:00 am and at 06:00 pm.Serum and milk melatonin concentrations in the morning of the control, on days 5th, 10th and 15th; were 8.64±1.4, 7.02±0.97, 8.71±2.3, and 5.01±0.92, 5.23±0.35 , 3.93±0.81pg/ml, respectively while control evening group were respectively 8.59±1.8,7.53±2.14,8.35±0.94, 6.91±1.73, 6.8±1.27. It was obtained as 3.67±0.97 pg/ml. Serum and milk melatonin levels in the trial morning group were 10.93±2.06, respectively, on the same days; 15.37±2.6; 11.25±1.71 and 2.97±0.64; 5.7±1.06; While it was measured as 3.33±0.73 pg/ml, it was 14.83±3.11 in the trial evening group; 14.5±3.57; 12.95±4.09 and 4.42±0.61; 2.51±0.56; It was obtained as 2.48±0.79 pg/ml.It was observed that serum and milk melatonin levels and milk parameters were not adversely affected in the use of red LED lamps (652 nm) at night for 12h.

Metabolik profil testi; kombinasyon halinde yürütülen ve bireye dayalı teşhis yerine sürüye dayalı olarak kullanılan bir dizi spesifik analitik test olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu analitik testler süt ineklerinde ilk olarak 1960`larda İngiltere`de kullanılmıştır.‘Metabolik Profil’ terimi kanın biyokimyasal bileşenlerinin analizini ifade etmekte ve süt ineği sürülerinde besinsel ve metabolik problemlerin önlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. İneğin besin durumunu yansıtan parametreler arasında glikoz, fruktozamin, insülin, esterleşmemiş yağ asidi (NEFA), beta hidroksibütirik asit (BHBA), kolesterol ve karaciğerin durumunu gösteren enzimler bulunmaktadır. Doğuma 3-4 hafta kalması ile birlikte laktasyonun erken dönemlerini içeren, hormonal ve metabolik denge açısından koordineli değişikliklerin olduğu ve besin ihtiyaçlarının normalden daha fazla olduğu 6-8 haftalık dönem geçiş dönemi-periparturient diye tanımlanmaktadır. Süt ineği işletmelerinin çoğunda görülen metabolik hastalıkların büyük çoğunluğu bu stresli dönemde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hayvan sağlığı açısından oldukça önemli olan bu kritik dönemde metabolik hastalıkların oluşup oluşmadığını görmek ve engellemek, hastalığı daha önceden tespit etmek ve yorumlamak, teşhisi doğrulamak, fertilite, beslenme dengesi, hastalığın seyrini takip etmek, rasyondaki eksiklikleri gidermek ve kontrol etmek metabolik profil testlerinin incelenmesi ile mümkün olabilmektedir. İşte tüm bu belirtilen nedenlerden dolayı süt ineği yetiştiriciliğinde metabolik profil testinin önemi oldukça fazladır.

Background: Mammary tumors are the most common type of tumor in female dogs and account for 50% of all tumors in dogs. The clinical prognosis of canine mammary tumors is strongly affected by the size, stages, histological type, and grade of tumor; mitotic index; and nearby and distant metastasis. In canine mammary tumors, it is recommended that prognostic evaluation should also include complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and blood gases in addition to tumor size and stage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tumor size, volume, and clinical stage on complete blood count, blood gas analysis, and serum biochemical parameters in bitches with mammary tumors and the correlation between them. Materials, Methods & Results: The study included a total of 18 bitches of different breeds, aged 6-15 years, of which 12 had mammary tumors and 6 were healthy. Thoracic X-rays were performed on bitches with mammary tumors in ventrodorsal and laterolateral positions to evaluate lung metastasis. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein from bitches in both groups in 2 different tubes (with plastic gel and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 5 mL each, to perform complete blood count and evaluate blood gases and serum biochemical parameters. Blood samples were collected from the animals at the time of initial examination without any intervention. Analysis of the blood showed that bitches with mammary tumors had decreased levels of RBC, HCT, HGB, potassium, TCO2, base excess, THbc, and ALT enzyme activity and increased levels of lactate, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, uric acid, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, the dogs with a primary tumor of > 5 cm were found to have significantly higher levels of WBC, lactate, total protein, triglyceride, LDL, uric acid, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities and significantly lower levels of RBC and THbc compared with those in the control group. Bitches with tumors in multiple mammary lobes were found to have significantly higher levels of WBC, total protein, triglyceride, LDL, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities and significantly lower levels of RBC, HCT, HGB, TCO2, THbc, and ALT enzyme activity compared with those in the control group. Based on the laboratory findings and approval of the owners of the dogs, mammary tissues containing the tumor and lymph nodes were surgically removed. After the operation, the removed mammary tissues were evaluated for size and volume. Clinical staging of the tumors was performed based on the size of the primary tumor (T), nearby lymph nodes (N), and metastasis (M) in accordance with the criteria set by WHO. Clinical staging of the tumors was, thus, based on the tumor, nodes, and metastases (TNM) score obtained according to the following system: Stage I: T1N0M0, Stage II: T2N0M0, Stage III: T3N0M0, Stage IV: TanyN1M0, Stage V: Made as TanyNanyM1. Discussion: Mammary tumors are the most common type of neoplasm in bitches and, thus, cause serious problems in veterinary medicine. Tumors are significantly correlated with better prognosis compared with larger tumors. Based on this finding, this study investigated the effect of size, volume, and stage of mammary tumors in bitches on some blood parameters and the correlation between them. It was, thus, concluded that clinical staging and evaluation of blood parameters could be useful in the diagnosis, treatment, and prediction of prognosis in canine mammary tumors. This study found that bitches with mammary tumors exhibited significant changes in their blood parameters (complete blood count, blood gas analysis, and serum biochemistry). The results obtained from this study may contribute to the development of approaches to the diagnosis, prediction of prognosis, and treatment of canine mammary tumors. Keywords: blood gas analysis, complete blood count, dogs, mammary tumor, serum biochemistry, tumor volume.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is defined as the sixth most common cancer type and the third most common cancer type in terms of cancer-related deaths. Tarantula cubensis alcohol extract (TCAE, Theranekron) is a homeopathic medicine frequently used in veterinary medicine in the treatment of papilloma, mammary adenocarcinoma and necrotic disorders. The present study aimed to reveal the treatment effectiveness of TCAE and Sorafenib (S) in HCC induced by Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR)-induced HCC in rats. Rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: Control (C), Control + TCAE (CT), Control + S (CS), Cancer Control (CC), CC+TCAE (CCT), CC+S (CCS), CC+TCAE+S (CCTS). In the CC group, the values for glucose, triglyceride (TG) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values were found to be significantly higher than in all other groups (p<0.001), while the p21 levels were found to be significantly lower (p<0.05). It determined an increase in serum p21 levels (p<0.05) and a significant decrease in glucose and TG levels (p<0.001) in the CCT, CCS and CCTS groups compared to the CC group. Histopathological examination revealed that the CC group showed cancer morphology, and the treatment groups caused a decrease in tumor incidence and size. As a result, it can be said that TCAE can be used alone and/or combined with chemotherapy drugs to reveal antiproliferative effects on cancer cells in HCC. Sorafenib and TCAE combination therapy may potentially synergize to improve the magnitude and durability of antitumor responses in patients with HCC.