В багатьох містах України використовуються поверхневі централізовані водозабори, підключені до єдиної енергетичної мережі, до того ж часто розташовані на значній відстані (30—45 км) від населених пунктів (приклад Миколаєва, Чернівців та ін.), що робить систему водозабезпечення вкрай вразливою в умовах воєнної агресії, оточення міст, диверсій. Враховуючи постійні претензії РФ до нашої незалежності, очевидно, що гарантоване забезпечення населення питною водою є настільки ж важливим фактором його безпеки, як і сильна сучасна армія. Розглянувши існуючі засоби аварійного водопостачання та водопідготовки (привозна вода, мобільні очисні установки, розраховані на підготовку наявних джерел води, бювети тощо), можна дійти висновку, що найбільш захищеним та сталим джерелом постачання питної води є підземні води. Для кращого захисту та доступу до води, навіть під час вуличних боїв, пропонується облаштувати локальні свердловинні водозабори з автономним енергоживленням, високим ступенем захисту, розраховані на 2,0—3,5 тис. користувачів, з компактними установками доочищення та знезараження води. Ще одна їх принципова від мінність — дебіт розраховується за нормою споживання людиною питної води, тобто 5—7 дм³/добу, а не 200—300 дм³/добу.

The monograph represents the theoretically summarization of the experimental results obtained during 35-year studies of artificial radionuclides hydrogeomigration in geological and conjugated environment. Modern problems of radioecological monitoring are actualized. The processes of groundwater self-cleaning from radionuclides have been investigated and parameterized. A number of radio-ecological factors of artificial radionuclides biogeomigration in sub aquatic landscapes within the Ukrainian Polissia (Woodlands) have been identified, which determine the barrier functions of forestry-marsh biogeocenoses. Methodological and methodical approaches to the analysis of long-term monitoring observations within the catchment areas contaminated with radionuclides are considered. The main task of such studies is to establish the degree of barrier stability of the landscape complex of the catchment for water intake. The level of generalizations, local (close to the object), regional or global is substantiated by studies of the appropriate level, which should be started with the establishment of the share of secondary contamination of surface waters with radionuclides that is related to the implementation of the balance method. The methods of scientific analysis also include a variety of statistical methods aimed at identifying landscape and geochemical factors responsible for the deposition, migration, and assimilation of radionuclides within watersheds. The described factor selection procedure is the basis for predicting the concentrations and aqueous removal of radionuclides. On this basis, a forecast of radionuclide water migration for local and regional levels has been developed. Examples of the analysis of efficiency of the executed and substantiation of possible water protection and fire-prevention measures in the Chernobyl exclusion zone are presented. The monograph is designed for experts in the fields of radiogeochemistry, biogeochemistry, hydrology and hydrogeology, radioecology, agro-ecology, technogenic-ecological safety and security, conducting monitoring studies, as well as for students of natural specialties of higher education institutions.

The current state of water quality formation in surface water bodies, which serve as sources of drinking water supply in the Dnieper river basin, was considered. The water treatment technologies currently used in Ukraine, were analyzed. The inconsistency of these technologies with the current water quality in these sources of water supply was established, as these technologies are not quite suitable for the purification of water with a significant organic component of any genesis. It was found that one of the main factors that influences the quality of water in water bodies in the warm period is phytoplankton, especially during their "flowering. The factors accompanying this phenomenon were shown, the development trends and their influence on the operating water treatment systems were analyzed. It was considered the feasibility of using reagents with the effect of oxidation of the organic component of the source water, in particular chlorine dioxide, the use of which is effective in disinfection of chlorine-resistant microbiota and phenols oxidations. Moreover, in the conditions of the expected increase in the concentration of mycocystins, chlorine dioxide can be, by analogy with ozone, a fairly effective oxidant of these toxins with a prolonged disinfection effect. The potential development areas of water treatment systems by intensifying bio-physico-chemical processes on the basis of the existing typical capacitive and package units of water treatment plants are given. The perspective areas of scientific and technological developments for substantiation of effective solutions on modernization of existing water treatment facilities were established in these conditions, namely it is reasonable to consider only those solutions, which provide effective purification of water with high concentration of phytoplankton without comprehensive or radical change of water treatment technology. That is, these approaches should make maximum use of existing treatment facilities, either by their reconstruction, or with the use of new reagents, or a combination of both.

The research was carried out within the «Pivnichnyi» iron ore quarry in the city of Kryvyi Rih with the aim of the comprehensive and effective further use of the technologically transformed areas of the subsoil and the Earth’s surface of Kryvbas. The fixation of bedding elements in relatively undisturbed blocks of quartzites and shales of the Saksagan suite and technogenic accumulations was carried out. In relatively undisturbed blocks of quartzite, such elements for banding, schistosity, linearity of mineral aggregates, axes of folded forms, striation, furrows, etc., were measured. Among technogenic accumulations (scree slope, embankments and filled artificial cavities), according to the degree of structuring, unstructured and structured accumulations to varying degrees were observed. Layering, mechanical schistosity and linearity were fixed within them. Layering, mechanical schistosity and linearity are fixed within them. The emergence of newly formed planes of technogenic accumulations, in almost 70% of cases, took place with the inheritance of the structural anisotropy existing in the surviving blocks with the creation of its own stratification. Therefore, the man-made geological formation under study consisting of relatively undisturbed blocks of bedrock and man-made accumulations, is a system: «surviving block–technogenic accumulations», which developed and formed as a whole object, mutually coordinated, over years–decades in surface conditions. The formation of the system of blocks of the «Pivnichnyi» quarry (both the actual surviving blocks and the planes of structuring of loose accumulations) occurred due to displacement relative to the vertical and horizontal axes. The transformation of technogenic accumulations, their «completion»/structuring, as a result of which the integrity of disturbed and missing areas of the geological volume is restored, are constructive phenomena. They are practically a natural laboratory of processes of formation of structural and textural elements in loose accumulations. Their tracking in time would make it possible to actually observe the processes of self-creation/reproduction of modern technogenic-natural objects. The ranking of structural neo formations in technogenic accumulations can be used as one of the criteria for assessing the assimilation potential of these accumulations and their suitability for economic reclamation.

Significant concentrations of artificial radionuclides have been detected in drinking water sources not only in areas contaminated by major radiation accidents, but also in the vicinity of operating nuclear power plants. Therefore, the use of effective, broad-spectrum sorbents produced from readily available Ukrainian raw materials in water treatment and purification technologies should be regarded as a strategically important social measure. However, technologies that rely on oxidation to decompose organic components require the recycling of this process. Other promising methods, such as plasma treatment, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis, currently lack industrial-scale equipment. Meanwhile, there are established water treatment technologies that, despite their proven effectiveness, have not yet been adapted for the treatment of liquid radioactive waste (LRW). This paper investigates the potential application of conventional water treatment technologies for removing the organic component from LRW at nuclear power plants. By employing sorption (using activated carbon and powdered bentonite), coagulation (with ferric chloride), and filtration. We achieved a 75% removal efficiency of the organic component, as measured by COD(Cr) (dichromate oxidizability). The use of a 20% w/v FeCl₃ solution as a coagulant and activated carbon as a sorbent significantly enhanced the purification process. Reducing the concentration of bentonite had little effect on the degree of LRW purification, whereas increasing its concentration noticeably diminished purification efficiency. Nevertheless, the addition of bentonite as a turbidity agent substantially accelerated coagulation and sedimentation. Conversion models were developed to recalculate COD(Cr) (dichromate oxidizability) indicators into corresponding COD(Mn) (permanganate oxidizability) or total organic carbon (TOC), with prediction accuracy validated by experimental data. It should be noted that using such technologies will significantly reduce water and energy consumption, as well as saving time, all of which is extremely important in Ukraine’s current wartime economic situation.

For today, taking into account the low efficiency of the disinfection technologies using chlorine-containing compounds and the growing number of chlorine-resistant microorganisms, the question of introducing alternative methods of disinfection in the field of water supply and drainage is relevant. One such alternative method is the treatment of liquids with plasma of electric discharge. This article describes our experiments on the treatment of different types of water from surface sources in Kyiv and water intentionally infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli). The experiments were performed on a laboratory installation with a circulating pump and an ejector-type reactor with integrated electrodes. In the reactor a water-air mixture is formed, in which an electric discharge takes place. The disinfection reactor and at the same time the device for the formation of a heterogeneous water-air environment is an ejector with electrodes inserted into it, which receive pulses of electric current. Discharges initiate a range of different physicochemical phenomena, such as a strong electric field, intense ultraviolet radiation, shock waves of excess pressure and, in particular, the formation of various highly active chemicals such as radicals (OH •, H •, O •) and molecules ( H2O2, H2, O2, O3). All these physicochemical processes occur during the discharge itself, for example, the formation and action of short-lived radicals, as well as the action of relatively long-lived oxidants. The effect of the concentration of microorganisms on the rate and completeness of water disinfection was studied in technical (tap) water with the introduction into the reaction tank of the washoff from two test tubes. This provided an initial concentration of E. coli of 3.4 ∙ 106 CFU / cm3. Water treatment for 30 seconds reduced the concentration of microorganisms by two orders of magnitude (up to 5.4 ∙ 104). After 1 minute of treatment, this figure decreased to 1.7 ∙ 102, and after 3 minutes to 5.2 CFU / cm3, i.e., the treated water corresponded to norms for almost pure water. Experiments have proven the effectiveness of plasma disinfection, even for liquids with a concentration of microorganisms significantly exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations. The content of microorganisms before and after treatment was determined by the method of limiting dilution of samples with subsequent sowing on a nutrient medium in Petri dishes