The discovery of insulin in 1921 introduced a new branch of research into insulin activity and insulin resistance. Many discoveries in this field have been applied to diagnosing and treating diseases related to insulin resistance. In this mini-review, the authors attempt to synthesize the updated discoveries to unravel the related mechanisms and inform the development of novel applications. Firstly, we depict the insulin signaling pathway to explain the physiology of insulin action starting at the receptor sites of insulin and downstream the signaling of the insulin signaling pathway. Based on this, the next part will analyze the mechanisms of insulin resistance with two major provenances: the defects caused by receptors and the defects due to extra-receptor causes, but in this study, we focus on post-receptor causes. Finally, we discuss the recent applications including the diseases related to insulin resistance (obesity, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer) and the potential treatment of those based on insulin resistance mechanisms.

Objectives: Laboratory systems play a critical role in disaster response, yet evidence remains fragmented. This systematic review aimed to describe the roles of clinical, public health, and veterinary laboratories, specifically characterizing Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) and Mobile Laboratories (ML) as flexible operational extensions of the central laboratory system across disaster phases; identify and compare laboratory-related challenges by disaster type; and synthesize documented solutions and their effectiveness. Methods: 4,323 studies published between 2000 and 2025 were identified through searches in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, grey literature, and snowballing. Study screening, data extraction, and methodological quality appraisal were conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Risk of bias was assessed using the critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Results: Fifty-two studies were included. While clinical, public health, and veterinary laboratories form the “National Core Layer,” POCT and rapid response mobile laboratory were identified as the “Surge Capacity Layer,” functioning as flexible extended arms. Instead of random barriers, laboratory challenges were found to align along three operational axes: (1) Scarcity (infrastructure fragility and workforce shortages), predominantly in low-resource settings; (2) Complexity (data fragmentation and quality assurance variability), driven by technological heterogeneity in high-income settings; and (3) Security (regulatory barriers and cybersecurity risks), characterizing conflict and bio-risk environments. Documented solutions showed mixed effectiveness. Conclusion: Building on these insights, we propose a structured framework to guide scalable strategies that enhance laboratory system resilience for disaster preparedness and response. Systematic review registration: The protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251053068) https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251053068 .

Nghiên cứu có mục tiêu tổng quan mô tả thực trạng năng lực nghề nghiệp bác sĩ Y học dự phòng của một số nước trên thế giới. Qua tổng quan tư liệu y văn của 5 quốc gia từ 2005 tới 2025, kết quả cho thấy chuẩn năng lực nghề nghiệp của bác sỹ Y học dự phòng có giải phổ khá rộng, gồm 11 nhóm tiêu chuẩn (năng lực chính) và trung bình 48 loại tiêu chí (năng lực cụ thể). Cụ thể, các tiêu chuẩn năng lực nghề nghiệp của bác sỹ Y học dự phòng thế giới bao gồm: Năng lực Chuyên môn y tế / Chuyên gia y tế; Năng lực Y học dự phòng lâm sàng; Năng lực Y tế công cộng/ Sức khỏe dân số; Năng lực Dịch tễ học/ Thống kê sinh học/ Tin sinh học; Năng lực Y học môi trường/ Sức khỏe nghề nghiệp; Năng lực Quản lý/ Lãnh đạo/ Hệ thống Y tế/ Chiến lược chăm sóc sức khỏe; Năng lực Giao tiếp/ Truyền thông; Năng lực Hợp tác; Năng lực Vận động sức khỏe; Năng lực Học giả/ Nghiên cứu/ Học tập suốt đời; Năng lực Chuyên nghiệp/Đạo đức nghề nghiệp. Từ kết quả này Việt Nam có thể tham khảo để xây dựng năng lực nghề nghiệp cho bác sĩ Y học dự phòng tại Việt Nam.

Introduction: GLUT4 exocytosis links insulin signaling to cellular glucose disposal in adipocytes and skeletal muscle. Evidence for its molecular regulation is dispersed across experimental models, trafficking stages, and signaling pathways. We systematically mapped the molecular evidence underlying GLUT4 vesicle mobilization, tethering, docking, and membrane fusion and compared adipocyte and skeletal-muscle mechanisms. Methods: We searched PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Embase, supplemented by ProQuest Dissertations & Theses and preprint repositories. Primary experimental studies examining molecular regulators of GLUT4 exocytosis using in vitro and in vivo models were eligible. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and quality appraisal in accordance with PRISMA 2020. The protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO. Findings were synthesized narratively and mapped using the prespecified evidence-tier framework. Results: Of 15,835 identified records, 350 primary experimental studies met the eligibility criteria. The evidence map identified 206 distinct molecular entries in adipocyte studies and 109 in skeletal-muscle studies, representing the breadth of reported associations rather than uniformly validated regulators. Both tissues showed partially overlapping late trafficking machinery involving SNARE- and exocyst-related components. Adipocyte evidence most consistently supported AKT2 -TBC1D4 (AS160) -RAB10 signaling together with TC10- and RAC1-associated cortical modules. Skeletal-muscle pathways integrated insulin-responsive signaling with contraction-, AMPK-, and calcium-associated inputs involving TBC1D1/TBC1D4, RAC1, and RAB8A/RAB13. Direct imaging and perturbation experiments provided the strongest evidence for step-specific roles, but much of the evidence derived from differentiated cell lines and rodent models. Discussion: GLUT4 trafficking in both tissues follows a shared broad logic of signal-dependent vesicle release, cortical targeting, and membrane insertion, while individual regulatory nodes differ in their contribution and evidence base. These findings support signal-to-trafficking coupling as a relevant mechanistic layer of insulin resistance and identify pathways requiring validation in physiologically relevant human models before therapeutic translation. Systematic Review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ , identifier CRD420251105528.

Maternal survival remains an urgent global-health priority, yet survival does not necessarily imply recovery, wellbeing, or long-term health. After childbirth, women may experience persistent physical, psychological, reproductive, cardiometabolic, nutritional, and social challenges that extend beyond conventional maternity care. Although contemporary postnatal guidance increasingly recognizes maternal wellbeing and continuity, an important operational gap remains between time-limited maternity services and longitudinal women’s healthcare. This narrative review synthesizes peer-reviewed literature, international guidance, and selected national policy evidence to examine the health-system gap between time-limited maternity services and longitudinal women’s healthcare and proposes a Postpartum Women’s Health Continuum (PWHC) to address this transition. Japan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Mongolia are used as purposively selected health-system exemplars to illustrate institutionalized postpartum support, community-based continuity, integration within universal health coverage, and adaptation to geographic constraint. We propose a PWHC encompassing six interconnected domains and emphasizing universal early continuity, risk-stratified follow-up, nurse- and midwife-enabled coordination, selective use of digital health, and explicit handover of unresolved or pregnancy-associated risks into continuing care. As 2030 approaches, maternal-health success should be judged not only by survival, but also by recovery and long-term health.