S100A10, a member of the S100 protein family, commonly forms a heterotetrameric complex with Annexin A2. This is essential for the generation of cellular plasmin from plasminogen, which leads to a cascade of molecular events crucial for tumor progression. S100A10 upregulation has been reported in a number of cancers, suggesting that it may have potential as a prognostic biomarker, as well as predicting sensitivity to anticancer drugs. This review evaluates the direct and indirect relationships between S100A10 and cancer progression by investigating its role in cancer. Research papers published on PubMed and Google Scholar between 2007‑2017 were collated and reviewed. We concluded that S100A10 affects the development of the hallmarks of cancer as explained by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2011, most notably by activating the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. However, further studies are required to explore the underlying biological mechanisms of S100A10.

Objectives: This study compared the epidemiological and clinical manifestations of patients hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic at a tertiary care hospital in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.Methods: This retrospective observational study utilized data from all cases of laboratory-confirmed RSV infection at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital from January 2016 to December 2021. Differences in the clinical presentation of RSV infection before (2016 to 2019) and during (2020 to 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed and compared.Results: In total, 358 patients hospitalized with RSV infections were reported from January 2016 to December 2021. During the COVID-19 pandemic, only 74 cases of hospitalized RSV infection were reported. Compared to pre-pandemic levels, the clinical presentations of RSV infection showed statistically significant decreases in fever on admission (p=0.004), productive cough (p=0.004), sputum (p=0.003), nausea (p=0.03), cyanosis (p=0.004), pallor (p<0.001), diarrhea (p<0.001), and chest pain (p<0.001). Furthermore, vigilant measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, including lockdowns, also interrupted the RSV season in Thailand from 2020 to 2021.Conclusions: The incidence of RSV infection was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, which also changed the clinical presentation and seasonal pattern of RSV infection in children.

Background: Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) are widely used to determine latent tuberculosis infection status. However, its pregnancy-affected performance and cost-expensive nature warrants for different alternatives for pregnant women. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of several alternative cytokines, including interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) to identify latent tuberculosis status in pregnant women. Materials and methods: 123 pregnant womens were recruited for this study. The IGRA status was determined by using QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube. Meanwhile, we measured the level IL-2, IL-10, and IP-10 by using sandwich-microELISA method. We performed normality and comparison test by SPSS. In addition, receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analyses and the optimal cutoff scores were identified using the EasyROC webtool. Results: We showed that IL-2, IL-10, and IP-10 were able to discriminate between IGRA-negative and IGRA-positive pregnant women. Moreover, IP-10 showed the highest discriminatory and diagnostic performance when compared to IL-2 and IL-10 with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.96 and cutoff point of 649.65 pg/mL. Conclusions: Our study showed that IP-10 can be considered as a promising alternative biomarker for IGRAs to diagnose LTBI in pregnant women.

Immune dysregulation is a hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, characterized by persistent immune activation and systemic inflammation that drive T cell exhaustion and senescence, contributing to disease progression and non-AIDS comorbidities, most notably tuberculosis (TB). With rising HIV prevalence, the incidence of HIV-TB co-infection continues to rise, highlighting the need to understand their immunopathological interplay. This narrative review aims to examine the association between immune dysregulation in HIV-TB co-infection, with a focus on cytokine profiles and immunological biomarkers. Relevant literature was retrieved from multiple databases, with evidence demonstrating differential expression of cytokines—IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-2—and T cell activation markers, such as CD38 and HLA-DR on CD4⁺ T cells in latent and active TB among HIV-infected individuals. These immune mediators are consistently co-expressed at higher levels in active TB compared to latent TB, suggesting heightened immune activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses in HIV-TB co-infection. However, these findings are largely based on observational data, and the precise mechanism by which cytokine and T cell biomarker dysregulation contributes to HIV-TB pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, underscoring the need for larger, mechanistic studies to address these gaps in the pathogenic pathway.

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Forest bathing is a visit to forest leisurely for health benefit, the researcher has revealed that forest bathing has cancer preventive effect. This review highlights recent evidence about phytoncide of forest bathing that can prevent cancer development by increasing activity and number of natural killer (NK) cells. The studies were conducted by literature research from a journal published in PubMed and ScienceDirect database from 2007 to 2017 by using the keywords of “forest bathing,” along with “NK activity” or “stress” or “heart rate.” Many studies reported that forest bathing significantly reduced the stress and increased the number of natural killer (NK) cell that can kill the tumor cell. There is a compound group in the forest air called phytoncides such as α-pinene and limonene, which is available in the forest, but not in the city. Phytoncide groups from the forest give relaxation effect, reducing stress hormone release which can decrease the amount of T-cells level; it also increases NK cell amount that can kill tumor cell by releasing the anti-cancer protein. Immunostimulant effect of forest bathing last more than 30 days. By visiting forest once in a month that release phytoncides from the trees can decrease the stress hormone and increase the number of NK cells, which can prevent the development of cancer generation and development. Furthermore, this forest bathing can be the solution for stress management and prevent the development of disease, such as cancer.