Background: Neurodivergence, which includes conditions such as autism, ADHD, and dyslexia, is increasingly recognized in workplace diversity discussions. Despite this, neurodivergent individuals face numerous barriers to accessing and retaining employment, often influenced by stigma and inconsistent inclusion policies. Objective: This systematic review aims to organize the literature on neurodivergent individuals and their interaction with the work environment, identifying key challenges and opportunities for improvement. Methods: A systematic search of multiple databases was conducted to gather peer-reviewed articles on neurodivergence and employment. Studies were selected based on predefined criteria, focusing on hiring processes, workplace inclusion, and long-term retention. Results: The findings reveal significant challenges, including the impact of stigma and ineffective inclusion policies. While some organizations have begun adapting hiring practices, inconsistencies in defining neurodivergence versus neurodiversity complicate policy implementation. Key gaps remain in understanding career development and job retention for neurodivergent employes. Conclusions: The review highlights the need for standardized terminology, evidence-based inclusion practices, and further research into long-term career outcomes for neurodivergent individuals. Addressing these gaps is crucial for promoting a more inclusive and supportive work environment that values neurodiversity.

School feeding is among the most widespread social protection policies worldwide, operating in over 160 countries and reaching about 466 million students.1 In Latin America, these programs are cent...

Este artículo realiza un análisis comparado del deber estatal en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (CTI) en Perú y Colombia, partiendo de sus fundamentos constitucionales y normativos. Se identifica que, pese a marcos legales robustos, ambos países enfrentan baja inversión en I+D, coordinación institucional débil y ausencia de reconocimiento explícito del derecho a la ciencia. Colombia sobresale por contar con un ministerio especializado y un fondo estable de financiamiento, mientras que en Perú las iniciativas están en fase de fortalecimiento, con propuestas de reforma institucional. A partir de experiencias internacionales exitosas, se proponen cinco líneas de mejora: coherencia normativa, recursos presupuestales protegidos, gobernanza inclusiva y descentralizada, equidad territorial y sectorial, y profesionalización del monitoreo y la rendición de cuentas. Estas recomendaciones buscan transformar la CTI en un bien público estratégico que impulse el desarrollo sostenible y la equidad social.

In today’s digital era, the constant engagement with social networks and video games by minors has raised concerns about their well-being and safety online. This study systematizes evidence on policies, guidelines and other measures relating to the use of social media and video games by minors. This study is based on the PRISMA protocol and the criteria of the Joanna Briggs Institute, which results in a selection of 22 articles from databases such as Scopus, EBSCO, and Web of Science, for which inclusion criteria were applied that considered studies published since 2010 and that specifically address regulations and practices focused on the protection of minors. The results suggest that, although several countries have regulations regarding minors’ engagement with social networks and video games, the implementation of effective policies remains a challenge. In addition, there are disagreements over the effectiveness of age restrictions and parental supervision. Additionally, gaps in the literature persist, particularly regarding best practices for regulating online interaction and exposure to inappropriate content. Based on these findings, we propose recommendations to enhance current policies and highlight key areas for future research to promote the safe and responsible use of social networks and video games by minors.

Este artículo examina el papel de TikTok como espacio emergente de participación ciudadana en contextos democráticos hiperdigitalizados. Se analizan las oportunidades y riesgos que ofrecen los microinfluencers y los algoritmos de recomendación para la esfera pública digital. Por un lado, la plataforma visibiliza voces antes marginales, democratizando el acceso al debate político y generando nuevas formas de activismo y denuncia. Por otro, la lógica algorítmica que prioriza lo emocional y lo viral fomenta la polarización, la simplificación y la expansión de discursos radicales que pueden debilitar la deliberación democrática. Ejemplos de comentarios y contenidos electorales en distintos países ilustran estas tensiones. El artículo concluye que TikTok constituye tanto una oportunidad para revitalizar la participación ciudadana como un riesgo para la calidad de la democracia, e invita a reflexionar sobre la necesidad de regulaciones y una alfabetización digital crítica.

This study systematizes the scientific literature on the Difference-in-Differences (DiD) method applied to public policy evaluation, with the aim of identifying its methodological refinements and principal fields of application. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 protocol and the Joanna Briggs Institute criteria. The search covered four academic databases, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Taylor & Francis, for the 2003–2026 period, resulting in a final sample of 105 indexed articles. The review identified a clear transition from the standard DiD model toward more sophisticated variants, including staggered, spatial, and synthetic DiD designs, as well as the incorporation of instrumental variables (IV-DiD) to address endogeneity biases. The findings reveal four predominant thematic clusters in which DiD has been most extensively applied: sustainability and ecological transition; social dynamics and human capital; public health management; and infrastructure and digital frontiers. Overall, the evidence suggests that the technical evolution of DiD has substantially improved its capacity to address temporal and spatial heterogeneity, consolidating it as one of the most robust methodological tools for evidence-based governance and state accountability.