Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technique that has shown promising success in engineering human tissues in recent years. Further development of vat‐photopolymerization printing modalities has significantly enhanced the complexity level for 3D printing of various functional structures and components. Similarly, the development of microfluidic chip systems is an emerging research sector with promising medical applications. This work demonstrates the coupling of a digital light processing (DLP) printing procedure with a microfluidic chip system to produce size‐tunable, 3D‐printable porosities with narrow pore size distributions within a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel matrix. It is found that the generation of size‐tunable gas bubbles trapped within an aqueous GelMA hydrogel‐precursor can be controlled with high precision. Furthermore, the porosities are printed in two‐dimensional (2D) as well as in 3D using the DLP printer. In addition, the cytocompatibility of the printed porous scaffolds is investigated using fibroblasts, where high cell viabilities as well as cell proliferation, spreading, and migration are confirmed. It is anticipated that the strategy is widely applicable in a range of application areas such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, among others.

Microfluidic-assisted 3D printing platform integrating a flow-focusing micromixer enables functionally graded porous hydrogels with smooth composition gradients that guide region-specific cell behavior to mimic complex tissue interfaces.

3D printed GelMA-dECMMA scaffolds, produced using the SLAM technique, showed improved organisation into vessel-like structures, strongly outperforming GelMA alone in promoting angiogenesis.

Biohybrid actuators integrate living contractile cells with engineered materials, combining biological force generation with the structural and functional control offered by synthetic components. However, translating engineered muscle tissue into reproducible, high-performance biohybrid robots remains limited by tissue organization, matrix degradation, force transmission, and long-term functional stability. This review analyzes how biofabrication parameters and material properties influence tissue maturation and actuator-level performance, with particular emphasis on bioprinting. We compare muscle cell sources; extrusion-based, embedded, and light-assisted fabrication strategies; and scaffold biomaterials using reported structural and functional outcomes. We also evaluate electrical and optical activation and mechanical conditioning, distinguishing their roles in controlling contraction and promoting maturation. The comparison highlights a gap between architectural control during fabrication and reproducible robotic performance: methods that produce complex muscle constructs do not necessarily yield integrated devices with validated force transmission or locomotion. Tissue maturation, tissue–material interfaces, and nutrient transport emerge as closely coupled priorities for scaling functional constructs. We conclude with a framework for standardized benchmarking and discuss multimaterial printing, data-driven design, and feedback control as complementary routes toward more reproducible and capable biohybrid actuators.