Obesity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). It is crucial to understand the impact of its duration due to the more extended exposure period and the higher frequency of overweight/obesity at younger ages. In the last decade, various studies have discovered that the duration of obesity, in addition to its severity, might have an impact. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize the current literature to investigate the effect of body mass index (BMI) trajectories and overweight/obesity duration on cardiovascular outcomes. To retrieve related articles, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane electronic databases. The duration of overweight/obesity is significantly associated with CVDs, especially heart failure and atrial fibrillation. However, there are contradictory results regarding the association between coronary heart disease and stroke with the duration of obesity. Additionally, no association with peripheral vascular disease has yet to be reported. The absence of this association may be brought on by covariates or various follow-up times. Nevertheless, it seems that both stable overweight and remarkably stable obesity increase the risk of CVDs, as does both stable overweight and notably stable obesity. Metrics showing both the severity and the duration of overweight/obesity are more effective than each alone, and it is recommended to be used for assessing the risk of various CVDs. There are few studies in these areas, and studies with more extended follow-up periods, with a wide age range, while adjusting for some specific covariates, are needed.

Context: This review study aimed to investigate the definition, etiology, risk factors (RFs), management strategy, and prevention of insufficient weight loss (IWL) and weight regain (WR) following bariatric metabolic surgery (BMS). Evidence Acquisition: Electronic databases were searched to retrieve relevant articles. The inclusion criteria were English articles with adult participants assessing the definition, prevalence, etiology, RFs, management strategy, and prevention of IWL/WR. Results: Definition: The preferred definition for post-BMS IWL/WR are the terms "Lack of maintenance of total weight loss (TWL)>20%" and "weight change in percentage compared to nadir weight or weight loss". Prevalence: The exact prevalence of IWL/WR is still being determined due to the type of BMS and various definitions. Etiology: Several mechanisms, including hormonal/metabolic, dietary non-adherence, physical inactivity, mental health, and anatomic surgical failure, are possible etiologies of post-BMS IWL/WR. RFs: Preoperative body mass index (BMI), male gender, psychiatric conditions, comorbidities, age, poor diet, eating disorders, poor follow-ups, insufficient physical activity, micronutrients, and genetic-epigenetic factors are the most important RFs. Management Strategy: The basis of treatment is lifestyle interventions, including dietary, physical activity, psychological, and behavioral therapy. Pharmacotherapy can be added. In the last treatment line, different techniques of endoscopic surgery and revisional surgery can be used. Prevention: Behavioral and psychotherapeutic interventions, dietary therapy, and physical activity therapy are the essential components of prevention. Conclusions: Many definitions exist for WR, less so for IWL. Etiologies and RFs are complex and multifactorial; therefore, the management and prevention strategy is multidisciplinary. Some knowledge gaps, especially for IWL, exist, and these gaps must be filled to strengthen the evidence used to guide patient counseling, selection, and improved outcomes.

Although mechanistic studies suggest protective roles for carotenoids against breast cancer (BC), human studies yield inconsistent findings. Few have comprehensively evaluated dietary intake of individual and grouped carotenoids in relation to BC risk. This population-based case-control study recruited 600 patients with newly diagnosed BC and 600 healthy controls. Dietary carotenoid intake was assessed using a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire. The intake levels of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, astaxanthin, phytoene, phytofluene, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and total carotenoids were categorized into quartiles. Logistic regression models were employed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for BC risk, controlling for potential confounders. Higher intake of lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene, total non-provitamin A and provitamin A, β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, as well as total carotenoids was significantly associated with reduced BC risk Lycopene showed the strongest inverse association (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.14–0.37). Total provitamin A (Q4 OR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.29–0.75) and total non-provitamin A carotenoids (Q4 OR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.15–0.41) also showed strong protective associations. Total carotenoid (Q4 OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.20–0.56, p < 0.001) intake also showed inverse associations across all quartiles. Conversely, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, astaxanthin, neoxanthin, and violaxanthin displayed weaker or inconsistent associations. These findings support an inverse association between dietary intake of specific carotenoids, particularly lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and colorless carotenoids (phytoene and phytofluene) and BC risk. Promoting a carotenoid-rich diet may represent a feasible strategy for BC prevention.

Glycemic variability (GV) reflects glucose fluctuations, and increased GV is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We systematically evaluated t