A healthy water environment is fundamental to maintaining ecosystem functions and supporting regional sustainable development. Water environmental health (WEH) management in estuarine and bay regions is challenged by interannual indicator variability, system imbalances, and management complexity. This study developed an integrated Water Environmental Health Assessment–Diagnosis–Optimization (WEH-ADO) framework combining interval information entropy (IIE), coupling coordination analysis, and indicator-adjustment optimization within pressure–state–response (PSR) structure. The framework was applied to the Zhejiang portion of the Hangzhou Bay region. The regional WEH index, constructed by aggregating the normalized pressure, state, and response indicators using IIE-derived weights, showed three distinct periods of change: an early decline, a mid-period improvement, and a later period of adjustment. Compared with the conventional entropy weight method, the IIE reduced the influence of individual indicators with high data dispersion. The coupling coordination analysis indicated high coupling among the PSR subsystems, with regional coordination classified as primarily or moderately coordinated. Using 2023 as the baseline year, a genetic algorithm was used to determine adjustment levels for eight indicators while holding the weights and non-adjustable indicators constant. The best-found scenario increased the mean WEH index from 0.498 to 0.528 and the mean coupling coordination degree from 0.657 to 0.681. These changes represent improvements in the calculated indices rather than simulated water-quality responses. A key finding was that the lowest-scoring indicators were not necessarily assigned the highest adjustment priorities by the optimization model. At the city level, Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Shaoxing together accounted for 82.3% of the total increase in the WEH index; at the indicator-adjustment level, ecological water replenishment (29.2%), soil erosion control (19.6%), wastewater discharge reduction (17.1%), and chemical oxygen demand discharge reduction (16.7%) jointly accounted for 82.6% of this increase. Overall, the WEH-ADO framework incorporates observed interannual variability into indicator weighting and links assessment and subsystem diagnosis to city- and indicator-specific adjustment scenarios.

Introduction: Habitat quality (HQ) is a critical indicator reflecting regional biodiversity and ecosystem health, providing essential information for sustainable land use planning and environmental management. Methods: Taking the Qiantang River Basin (Zhejiang section) as the study area, this research utilized the InVEST model to quantify HQ based on 2020 land use data. Spatial pattern analysis was conducted using the ArcGIS platform, while the Geodetector model, correlation analysis, and non-parametric tests were comprehensively employed to elucidate the driving mechanisms underlying its spatial differentiation. Results: The results indicate a distinct spatial differentiation pattern, characterized by high values in the southwest and northwest and low values in the northeast. High-quality habitats are predominantly concentrated in the high-altitude mountainous areas of the southwest and northwest, whereas low-quality habitats are extensively distributed across the plain areas of the northeast, where anthropogenic activities are intensive. The spatial heterogeneity of HQ is synergistically controlled by topography, vegetation, climate, and anthropogenic activities. Among these factors, elevation acts as a macro-background factor, exerting influence through a dual mechanism: it indirectly constrains the intensity of anthropogenic activities and land use distribution, while simultaneously driving variations in climatic factors to directly regulate NDVI and ecosystem productivity. Discussion: Based on these findings, the basin was zoned into an upstream water conservation area, a midstream reservoir ecological barrier area, and a downstream economic center. This study reveals the coupling mechanisms between natural processes and anthropogenic disturbances, offering spatially explicit decision-making references for the coordinated development and conservation of river basins characterized by significant gradients of anthropogenic activity.