Background: The prevalence of heart failure in the Mongolian population is unknown. Thus, in this study, we aimed to define the prevalence of heart failure in the Mongolian population and to identify significant risk factors for heart failure among Mongolian adults. Methods: This population-based study included individuals 20 years and older from seven provinces as well as six districts of the capital city of Mongolia. The prevalence of heart failure was based on the European Society of Cardiology diagnostic criteria. Results: In total, 3480 participants were enrolled, of which 1345 (38.6%) participants were males, and the median age was 41.0 years (IQR 30–54 years). The overall prevalence of heart failure was 4.94%. Patients with heart failure had significantly higher body mass index, heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and systolic/diastolic blood pressure than patients without heart failure. In the logistic regression analysis, hypertension (OR 4.855, 95% CI 3.127–7.538), previous myocardial infarction (OR 5.117, 95% CI 3.040–9.350), and valvular heart disease (OR 3.872, 95% CI 2.112–7.099) were significantly correlated with heart failure. Conclusions: This is the first report on the prevalence of heart failure in the Mongolian population. Among the cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, old myocardial infarction, and valvular heart disease were identified as the three foremost risk factors in the development of heart failure.

Background/Objectives: Delayed medical consultation after recognizing breast symptoms may contribute to breast cancer being diagnosed at a more advanced stage. Evidence on presentation delay and its determinants remains limited in Mongolia. This study aimed to determine the frequency and factors associated with presentation delay among symptomatic breast cancer patients and to examine its association with tumor characteristics at diagnosis. Methods: This retrospective observational study included symptomatic patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer treated at the National Cancer Center in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, between 2022 and 2024. Presentation delay was defined as ≥1 month from recognition of the initial breast symptom to first medical consultation. Sociodemographic, clinical, and tumor characteristics were compared according to presentation delay. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with presentation delay and to assess its association with advanced-stage disease. Results: Overall, 169 (69.3%) patients had a presentation delay of ≥1 month. Initial presenting symptom was independently associated with presentation delay. Compared with a breast lump, a long-standing breast lump (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 7.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.14–19.98), breast pain (aOR 3.80, 95% CI 1.89–7.66), and nipple changes (aOR 3.32, 95% CI 1.20–9.21) were associated with higher odds of presentation delay. Age, marital status, education, residence, and body mass index were not independently associated with delay. Stage III–IV disease was more frequent among patients with presentation delay than among those presenting within one month (39.1% vs. 13.3%), and presentation delay was independently associated with higher odds of stage III–IV disease (aOR 4.48, 95% CI 2.12–9.49). Conclusions: Presentation delay was common among symptomatic breast cancer patients in Mongolia. Among the factors measured in this study, initial presenting symptom showed the strongest association with presentation delay, while presentation delay was also associated with advanced-stage disease at diagnosis.