Electrospraying has emerged as a promising technique for producing biopolymeric structures containing bioactive compounds. In this study, gelatin and gelatin–curcumin nanoparticles were produced by uniaxial electrospraying, and the effects of gelatin and curcumin extract concentrations on their rheological, morphological, and physicochemical characteristics were evaluated. Gelatin solutions (5–15% w/v) were first characterized by rheological analysis, which exhibited Newtonian flow behavior over the evaluated concentration range, favorable for the electrospraying process. Electrospraying was performed at fixed conditions of 15 kV voltage, 0.1 mL h⁻¹ flow rate, and 10 cm tip-to-collector distance. Increasing gelatin concentrations influenced the resulting morphology, with structures ranging from pearled fibers to spherical particles and, at higher concentrations, fibers with few pearls. Gelatin structures exhibited mean hydrodynamic diameters of 420.63–762.66 nm, determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), with PDI values of 0.49–0.89. At a fixed gelatin concentration of 8% (w/v), varying curcumin extract concentration from 1 to 5% (w/v) resulted in a non-linear change in particle size, with mean diameters ranging from 196.30 to 622.16 nm and PDI values of 0.60–0.79. The selected formulation containing 8% (w/v) gelatin and 5% (w/v) curcumin extract exhibited the highest absolute zeta potential (−28.56 ± 1.25 mV), suggesting a lower tendency toward particle aggregation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) supported molecular interactions between gelatin and curcumin. Overall, the results demonstrate that formulation composition influences the morphology, particle size distribution, and surface charge of gelatin–curcumin structures produced by uniaxial electrospraying. Further studies are required to evaluate encapsulation efficiency, curcumin storage stability, release behavior, and biological performance.