Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health burden that is characterized by the loss or dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells. In pancreatic β-cells, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a fact of life that contributes to β-cell loss or dysfunction. Despite recent advances in research, the existing treatment approaches such as lifestyle modification and use of conventional therapeutics could not prevent the loss or dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells to abrogate the disease progression. Therefore, targeting ER stress and the consequent unfolded protein response (UPR) in pancreatic β-cells may be a potential therapeutic strategy for diabetes treatment. Dietary phytochemicals have therapeutic applications in human health owing to their broad spectrum of biochemical and pharmacological activities. Flavonoids, which are commonly obtained from fruits and vegetables worldwide, have shown promising prospects in alleviating ER stress. Dietary flavonoids including quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, fisetin, icariin, apigenin, apigetrin, vitexin, baicalein, baicalin, nobiletin hesperidin, naringenin, epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate hesperidin (EGCG), tectorigenin, liquiritigenin, and acacetin have shown inhibitory effects on ER stress in pancreatic β-cells. Dietary flavonoids modulate ER stress signaling components, chaperone proteins, transcription factors, oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses to exert their pharmacological effects on pancreatic β-cells ER stress. This review focuses on the role of dietary flavonoids as potential therapeutic adjuvants in preserving pancreatic β-cells from ER stress. Highlights of the underlying mechanisms of action are also presented as well as possible strategies for clinical translation in the management of DM.

Background: Breast cancer is a major public health issue. In 2022, approximately 4,207 new cases and 2,285 deaths were reported in Cameroon. Given the limited accessibility and various issues associated with conventional treatments, herbal medicine has emerged as a promising alternative. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the potential anticancer activity of naturally occurring compounds isolated from Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev.Methods and Results: This was done by fractionating the methanolic extract of T. ivorensis and purifying the constituents obtained using conventional chromatographic techniques. Thereafter, the crude extract and its 5 isolates were subjected to in vitro MTT bioassay to assess their potential to kill human (MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231) and murine (4T1) breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the potential of the most active compound (arjunolic acid) to mitigate DMBA‐induced breast cancer in rats was tested. Treatments were administered for a period of 121 days; the group of rats treated with arjunolic acid (1 mg/kg) was compared to the group that received tamoxifen at 3.3 mg/kg (standard), as well as to the normal and negative control groups. Key parameters assessed included survival, tumor burden, cytokine profiles, as well as hematological, hepatic, and renal functions. Out of the 5 isolates [lupeol (1), betulinic acid (2), Arjunolic acid (3), 3,3'‐Di‐O‐methylellagic acid‐4'‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (4) 3,3’,4’‐Tri‐O‐methylellagic acid‐4‐O‐β‐Dglucopyranoside (5)] from T. ivorensis, compound (3) had the most significant inhibitory effect against breast cancer cells growth with an average CC50 of 20 μg/mL. In vivo, a significant reduction (~89%) in tumor burden and favorable modulation of inflammation, characterized by a decrease in pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐6, VEGF) and an increase in anti‐inflammatory IL‐10 was observed. Moreover, treatment with arjunolic acid led to improved survival and maintenance of body weight, without inducing any notable adverse effects.Conclusion: Arjunolic acid should receive more attention as a candidate for an effective therapeutic option, combining anticancer effects with beneficial anti‐inflammatory activity. We encourage further studies on this compound to better understand its mode and mechanism of action.