Organic fertilizers are a sustainable alternative to conventional fertilizers that cause contamination of natural resources. The objective of this study is to determine the ef ficacy of native microorganisms (ENM) and compost on yield and profitability on the cultivation of quinoa variety INIA 415-Pasankalla in three altitudinal levels (Faical 1935 m altitude, Lagunas Amarillas 2328 m altitude and Cascapampa 2995 m altitude). Five treatments were evaluated: T0 (control), T1 (MEN 2.5%), T2 (MEN 5.0%), T3 (MEN 2.5%+0.9 kg compost m-1) and T4 (MEN 5.0%+1.8 kg compost m-1), considering: PA (plant height), RHa (yield per hectare), RPa (yield plant-1), PP (panicle weight), PMG (thousand kernel weight) and DT (stem diameter). In addition, the benefit/cost per treatment was analyzed. A principal component analysis (PCA), three-way ANOVA comparison and correlation analysis were performed. The PCA yielded two components (C1 and C2) explaining 97.20% of the variability of the study. Component 1 (78.46%) explained the greatest variability and grouped the variables: G-I (AP, DT), G-II (RHa, Rpa, PP). Treatments T4 and T3 showed the best results in relation to altitude: Lagunas Amarillas-T4 with G-I and Cascapampa-T4 with G-II showed the highest study values. However, Cascapampa-T2 was the most profitable (b/c= 5,68). The combined mixture of organic inputs made from local raw materials and applied in foliar form, and the soils present in T4, improved the yields and profitability of the quinoa crop in relation to altitude.

Background: Peru is considered the third largest exporter of mango in the world and Piura is the first mango producing region representing 68% of the national production; however, the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae has been associated with dieback and the presence of cankers in mango cultivation, reducing fruit production and quality. Objective: To evaluate sustainable alternatives for in vitro and in vivo control of L. theobromae in mango, using products based on copper sulfate pentahydrate and a liquid biofertilizer. Methodology: Treatments were applied: T0 (Control), T1 (Vacun-Q organic 0.35 mL100 mL-1), T2 (Vacun-Q organic 0.175 mL 100 mL-1), T3 (Phyton 27® 0.35 mL100 mL-1), T4 (Phyton 27® 0.175 mL100 mL-1), T5 (Biol 10%) and T6 (Biol 20%). Radial growth and mycelial growth inhibition percentage (GIP) of the pathogen were evaluated in the in vitro phase with poisoned media, and necrotic area progression was assessed in the in vivo phase on mango leaves. Results: At 72 h after inoculation, treatments T3, T5 and T6 showed the lowest radial growth of L. theobromae, statistically equal to each other and inferior to the control that completed its development in the Petri dish; likewise, they showed 100% GIP. Five days after inoculation of mango leaves, T5 and T6 presented the smallest necrotic areas with 1.44 cm2 and 1.61 cm2 respectively, followed by T4 with 1.64 cm2 and T2 with 1.69 cm2 compared to the control with 2.05 cm2. Implications: In view of the constant restrictions of active molecules, sustainable and innocuous alternatives for humans and the environment are sought for the control of L. theobromae. Conclusion: Treatments T5 and T6 based on liquid biofertilizers showed to be effective in the in vitro and in vivo control of L. theobromae.

Nitrogen fertilization in flooded rice systems can promote nitrate leaching and groundwater contamination, particularly where groundwater is used for human consumption. This study aimed to assess soil susceptibility to nitrate leaching toward groundwater in rice-growing areas of Rioja, San Martín, Peru. Sampling was based on a semidetailed soil map of the Rioja sector, from which 14 soil series were identified; one georeferenced point was established per series, with soil collected at two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm). From these points, four representative soil profiles were selected through a Delphi consensus process and classified as Typic Endoaquepts (P1 and P2), a Typic Endoaquoll (P3), and a Fluventic Endoaquept (P4). The 28 saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) measurements were used to develop a local pedotransfer function, in which the inverse of bulk density was the main predictor of Ks. Profile-specific Ks estimates were incorporated into HYDRUS-1D to simulate nitrate transport under an identical fertilization regime over 10 years. Ks averaged 0.21 cm·h⁻¹ with high variability (CV = 84.12%), and the pedotransfer function explained 42.9% of this variability (R²adj = 0.383, RMSE = 0.127 cm·h⁻¹). Despite receiving identical fertilizer inputs, the four profiles showed simulated nitrate transport differing by up to 19.9%, driven by differences in soil hydraulic properties and profile structure rather than by management practices. Flow-weighted mean nitrate concentrations at the lower model boundary ranged from 48.33 to 57.96 mg·L⁻¹; two profiles (P4 and P1) exceeded the 50 mg·L⁻¹ WHO guideline, reflecting a greater leaching risk in soils that are more stratified and have higher hydraulic conductivity, while the profile with the highest organic carbon content (P3) showed lower susceptibility, likely due to greater denitrification. These findings indicate that local soil properties are a key control on nitrate leaching susceptibility, supporting the need for soil-type-specific nitrogen management to protect groundwater resources.