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Christiane Kruse Fæste
Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway

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Feed

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2020 in Genes
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Feed safety is a necessity for animal health and welfare as well as prerequisite for food safety and human health. Wheat gluten (WG) is considered as a valuable protein source in fish feed due to its suitability as a feed binder, high digestibility, good amino acid profile, energy density and most importantly, due to its relatively low level of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). The main aim of this study was to identify the impact of dietary WG on salmon health by analysing growth, feed efficiency and the hepatic and intestinal transcriptomes. The fish were fed either control diet with fishmeal (FM) as the only source of protein or diets, where 15% or 30% of the FM were replaced by WG. The fish had a mean initial weight of 223 g and approximately doubled their weight during the 9-week experiment. Salmon fed on 30% WG showed reduced feed intake compared to the 15% and FM fed groups. The liver was the less affected organ but fat content and activities of the liver health markers in plasma increased with the inclusion level of WG in the diet. Gene expression analysis showed significant changes in both, intestine and liver of fish fed with 30% WG. Especially noticeable were changes in the lipid metabolism, in particular in relation to the intestinal lipoprotein transport and sterol metabolism. Moreover, the intestinal transcriptome of WG-fed fish showed shifts in the expression of a large number of genes responsible for immunity and tissue structure and integrity. These observations implied that the fish receiving WG-containing diet were undergoing nutritional stress. Overall, the study provided evidence that a high dietary level of WG can have a negative impact on the intestinal and liver health of salmon with symptoms similar to gluten sensitivity in humans.

ACS Style

Amritha Johny; Gerd Marit Berge; André S. Bogevik; Aleksei Krasnov; Bente Ruyter; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye. Sensitivity to Dietary Wheat Gluten in Atlantic Salmon Indicated by Gene Expression Changes in Liver and Intestine. Genes 2020, 11, 1339 .

AMA Style

Amritha Johny, Gerd Marit Berge, André S. Bogevik, Aleksei Krasnov, Bente Ruyter, Christiane Kruse Fæste, Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye. Sensitivity to Dietary Wheat Gluten in Atlantic Salmon Indicated by Gene Expression Changes in Liver and Intestine. Genes. 2020; 11 (11):1339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amritha Johny; Gerd Marit Berge; André S. Bogevik; Aleksei Krasnov; Bente Ruyter; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye. 2020. "Sensitivity to Dietary Wheat Gluten in Atlantic Salmon Indicated by Gene Expression Changes in Liver and Intestine." Genes 11, no. 11: 1339.

Review article
Published: 29 August 2020 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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Food allergy affects up to 6% of Europeans. Allergen identification is important for the risk assessment and management of the inadvertent presence of allergens in foods. The VITAL® initiative for voluntary incidental trace allergen labeling suggests protein reference doses, based on clinical reactivity in food challenge studies, at or below which voluntary labelling is unnecessary. Here, we investigated if current analytical methodology could verify the published VITAL® 2.0 doses, that were available during this analysis, in serving sizes between 5 and 500 g. Available data on published and commercial ELISA, PCR and mass spectrometry methods, especially for the detection of peanuts, soy, hazelnut, wheat, cow’s milk and hen’s egg were reviewed in detail. Limit of detection, quantitative capability, matrix compatibility, and specificity were assessed. Implications by the recently published VITAL® 3.0 doses were also considered. We conclude that available analytical methods are capable of reasonably robust detection of peanut, soy, hazelnut and wheat allergens for levels at or below the VITAL® 2.0 and also 3.0 doses, with some methods even capable of achieving this in a large 500 gram serving size. Cow’s milk and hen’s egg are more problematic, largely due to matrix/processing incompatibility. An unmet need remains for harmonized reporting units, available reference materials, and method ring-trials to enable validation and the provision of comparable measurement results.

ACS Style

Thomas Holzhauser; Philip Johnson; James P. Hindley; Gavin O'Connor; Chun-Han Chan; Joana Costa; Christiane K. Fæste; Barbara J. Hirst; Francesca Lambertini; Michela Miani; Marie-Claude Robert; Martin Röder; Stefan Ronsmans; Zsuzsanna Bugyi; Sándor Tömösközi; Simon D. Flanagan. Are current analytical methods suitable to verify VITAL® 2.0/3.0 allergen reference doses for EU allergens in foods? Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 145, 111709 .

AMA Style

Thomas Holzhauser, Philip Johnson, James P. Hindley, Gavin O'Connor, Chun-Han Chan, Joana Costa, Christiane K. Fæste, Barbara J. Hirst, Francesca Lambertini, Michela Miani, Marie-Claude Robert, Martin Röder, Stefan Ronsmans, Zsuzsanna Bugyi, Sándor Tömösközi, Simon D. Flanagan. Are current analytical methods suitable to verify VITAL® 2.0/3.0 allergen reference doses for EU allergens in foods? Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 145 ():111709.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Holzhauser; Philip Johnson; James P. Hindley; Gavin O'Connor; Chun-Han Chan; Joana Costa; Christiane K. Fæste; Barbara J. Hirst; Francesca Lambertini; Michela Miani; Marie-Claude Robert; Martin Röder; Stefan Ronsmans; Zsuzsanna Bugyi; Sándor Tömösközi; Simon D. Flanagan. 2020. "Are current analytical methods suitable to verify VITAL® 2.0/3.0 allergen reference doses for EU allergens in foods?" Food and Chemical Toxicology 145, no. : 111709.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2020 in Food Research International
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Chemical contaminants are present in all foods. Data on the occurrence of contaminants in foods that are often consumed or contain high contaminant concentrations are critical for the estimation of exposure and evaluation of potential negative health effects. Due to limited resources for the monitoring of contaminants and other chemical substances in foods, methods for prioritisation are needed. We have developed a straightforward semi-quantitative method to rank chemical substances in foods for monitoring as part of a risk-based food control. The method is based on considerations of toxicity, level of exposure including both occurrence in food and dietary intake, vulnerability of one or more population groups due to high exposure because of special food habits or resulting from specific genetic variants, diseases, drug use or age/life stages, and the adequacy of both toxicity and exposure data. The chemical substances ranked for monitoring were contaminants occurring naturally, unintentionally or incidentally in foods or formed during food processing, and the inclusion criteria were high toxicity, high exposure and/or lack of toxicity or exposure data. In principle, this method can be used for all classes of chemical substances that occur in foods, both unintended contaminants and deliberately added chemical substances. Foods considered relevant for monitoring of the different chemical substances were also identified. The outcomes of ranking exercises using the new method including considerations of vulnerable groups and adequacy of data and a shortened version based on risk considerations only were compared. The results showed that the resolution between the contaminants was notably increased with the extended method, which we considered as advantageous for the ranking of chemical substances for monitoring in foods.

ACS Style

Gro Haarklou Mathisen; Jan Alexander; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Trine Husøy; Helle Katrine Knutsen; Robin Ørnsrud; Inger-Lise Steffensen. A ranking method of chemical substances in foods for prioritisation of monitoring, based on health risk and knowledge gaps. Food Research International 2020, 137, 109499 .

AMA Style

Gro Haarklou Mathisen, Jan Alexander, Christiane Kruse Fæste, Trine Husøy, Helle Katrine Knutsen, Robin Ørnsrud, Inger-Lise Steffensen. A ranking method of chemical substances in foods for prioritisation of monitoring, based on health risk and knowledge gaps. Food Research International. 2020; 137 ():109499.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gro Haarklou Mathisen; Jan Alexander; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Trine Husøy; Helle Katrine Knutsen; Robin Ørnsrud; Inger-Lise Steffensen. 2020. "A ranking method of chemical substances in foods for prioritisation of monitoring, based on health risk and knowledge gaps." Food Research International 137, no. : 109499.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2020 in Toxins
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The tremorgenic mycotoxin penitrem A is produced by Penicillium species as a secondary metabolite on moldy food and feed. Dogs are sometimes exposed to penitrem A by consumption of spoiled food waste or fallen fruit. The lipophilic toxin crosses the blood-brain barrier and targets neuroreceptors and neurotransmitter release mechanisms in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Typical symptoms of penitrem A intoxication are periodical or continuous tremors, which can be passing, persistent or lethal, depending on the absorbed dose. There is presently no information on the biotransformation and toxicokinetics of penitrem A in dogs. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify potential metabolites of the toxin by performing in vitro biotransformation assays in dog liver microsomes. Analyses by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry led to the provisional identification of eleven penitrem A phase I metabolites, which were tentatively characterized as various oxidation products. Furthermore, elimination parameters determined in in vitro assays run under linear kinetics were used for in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation of the toxicokinetic data, predicting a maximal bioavailability of more than 50%. The metabolite profile detected in the in vitro assays was similar to that observed in the plasma of an intoxicated dog, confirming the predictive capability of the in vitro approach.

ACS Style

Silvio Uhlig; Lada Ivanova; Pauline Voorspoels; Christiane Kruse Fæste. In Vitro Toxicokinetics and Phase I Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Penitrem A in Dogs. Toxins 2020, 12, 293 .

AMA Style

Silvio Uhlig, Lada Ivanova, Pauline Voorspoels, Christiane Kruse Fæste. In Vitro Toxicokinetics and Phase I Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Penitrem A in Dogs. Toxins. 2020; 12 (5):293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silvio Uhlig; Lada Ivanova; Pauline Voorspoels; Christiane Kruse Fæste. 2020. "In Vitro Toxicokinetics and Phase I Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Penitrem A in Dogs." Toxins 12, no. 5: 293.

Journal article
Published: 12 April 2020 in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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Efficient aquaculture is depending on sustainable protein sources. The shortage in marine raw materials has initiated a shift to “green aquafeeds” based on staple ingredients such as soy and wheat. Plant-based diets entail new challenges regarding fish health, product quality and consumer risks due to the possible presence of chemical contaminants, natural toxins and bioactive compounds like phytoestrogens. Daidzein (DAI), genistein (GEN) and glycitein (GLY) are major soy isoflavones with considerable estrogenic activities, potentially interfering with the piscine endocrine system and affecting consumers after carry-over. In this context, information on isoflavone biotransformation in fish is crucial for risk evaluation. We have therefore isolated hepatic fractions of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), the most important species in Norwegian aquaculture, and used them to study isoflavone elimination and metabolite formation. The salmon liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes were characterized with respect to phase I cytochrome P450 (CYP) and phase II uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme activities using specific probe substrates, which allowed comparison to results in other species. DAI, GEN and GLY were effectively cleared by UGT. Based on the measurement of exact masses, fragmentation patterns, and retention times in liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry, we preliminarily identified the 7-O-glucuronides as the main metabolites in salmon, possibly produced by UGT1A1 and UGT1A9-like activities. In contrast, the production of oxidative metabolites by CYP was insignificant. Under optimized assay conditions, only small amounts of mono-hydroxylated DAI were detectable. These findings suggested that bioaccumulation of phytoestrogens in farmed salmon and consumer risks from soy-containing aquafeeds are unlikely.

ACS Style

Amritha Johny; Lada Ivanova; Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye; Christiane Kruse Fæste. Biotransformation of phytoestrogens from soy in enzymatically characterized liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes of Atlantic salmon. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2020, 197, 110611 .

AMA Style

Amritha Johny, Lada Ivanova, Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye, Christiane Kruse Fæste. Biotransformation of phytoestrogens from soy in enzymatically characterized liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes of Atlantic salmon. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2020; 197 ():110611.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amritha Johny; Lada Ivanova; Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye; Christiane Kruse Fæste. 2020. "Biotransformation of phytoestrogens from soy in enzymatically characterized liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes of Atlantic salmon." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 197, no. : 110611.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2019 in Journal of Chromatography B
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The epidermal mucus protects fish against harmful environmental factors and the loss of physiological metabolites and water. It is an efficient barrier between the fish and the biosphere. The integrity of the skin mucus is thus of vital importance for the welfare and survival of the fish. Since excreted proteins and small molecules in the mucus can mirror the health status of the fish, it is a valuable matrix for monitoring stress, pathogen exposure, and nutritional effects. Several methods for sampling epidermal mucus from different fish species have previously been described, but information about their efficiency or the comparability of mucus analyses is lacking. In the present study, skin mucus from farmed Atlantic salmon was therefore sampled by three methods, including absorption or wiping with tissue paper, and scraping with a blunt blade, and the mucus proteome was analyzed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. The measured protein contents, numbers, compositions and the observed data quality were compared between sampling methods. Furthermore, functional annotation and classification of the identified proteins was performed. The results showed that the three skin mucus sample types differed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The absorbed mucus was the least tainted by proteins resulting from damage inflicted to the fish epidermis by the sampling procedure. Wiped mucus showed a better protein yield than absorbed and delivered a larger proteome of identifiable proteins, with less contamination from epithelial proteins than observed for scraped mucus. We recommend that future research of mucus should use the absorption method in cases, where it is important that the mucus is devoid of proteins from the underlying epithelium, and the wiping method, when protein yield is crucial or when the proteome of the outer epithelium is of interest.

ACS Style

C.K. Fæste; H. Tartor; A. Moen; A.B. Kristoffersen; A.K.S. Dhanasiri; J.H. Anonsen; T. Furmanek; S. Grove. Proteomic profiling of salmon skin mucus for the comparison of sampling methods. Journal of Chromatography B 2019, 1138, 121965 .

AMA Style

C.K. Fæste, H. Tartor, A. Moen, A.B. Kristoffersen, A.K.S. Dhanasiri, J.H. Anonsen, T. Furmanek, S. Grove. Proteomic profiling of salmon skin mucus for the comparison of sampling methods. Journal of Chromatography B. 2019; 1138 ():121965.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C.K. Fæste; H. Tartor; A. Moen; A.B. Kristoffersen; A.K.S. Dhanasiri; J.H. Anonsen; T. Furmanek; S. Grove. 2019. "Proteomic profiling of salmon skin mucus for the comparison of sampling methods." Journal of Chromatography B 1138, no. : 121965.

Biologics
Published: 07 May 2019 in Archives of Toxicology
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The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) has a high global prevalence in grain-based products. Biomarkers of exposure are detectable in most humans and farm animals. Considering the acute emetic and chronic anorexigenic toxicity of DON, maximum levels for food and feed have been implemented by food authorities. The tolerable daily intake (TDI) is 1 µg/kg body weight (bw)/day for the sum of DON and its main derivatives, which was based on the no-observed adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 100 µg DON/kg bw/day for anorexic effects in rodents. Chronic exposure to a low-DON dose can, however, also cause inflammation and imbalanced neurotransmitter levels. In the present study, we therefore investigated the impact of a 2-week exposure at the NOAEL in mice by performing behavioural experiments, monitoring brain activation by c-Fos expression, and analysing changes in the metabolomes of brain and serum. We found that DON affected neuronal activity and innate behaviour in both male and female mice. Metabolite profiles were differentiable between control and treated mice. The behavioural changes evidenced at NOAEL reduce the safety margin to the established TDI and may be indicative of a risk for human health.

ACS Style

Christiane K. Faeste; Florian Pierre; Lada Ivanova; Amin Sayyari; Dominique Massotte. Behavioural and metabolomic changes from chronic dietary exposure to low-level deoxynivalenol reveal impact on mouse well-being. Archives of Toxicology 2019, 93, 2087 -2102.

AMA Style

Christiane K. Faeste, Florian Pierre, Lada Ivanova, Amin Sayyari, Dominique Massotte. Behavioural and metabolomic changes from chronic dietary exposure to low-level deoxynivalenol reveal impact on mouse well-being. Archives of Toxicology. 2019; 93 (7):2087-2102.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christiane K. Faeste; Florian Pierre; Lada Ivanova; Amin Sayyari; Dominique Massotte. 2019. "Behavioural and metabolomic changes from chronic dietary exposure to low-level deoxynivalenol reveal impact on mouse well-being." Archives of Toxicology 93, no. 7: 2087-2102.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2019 in Toxins
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New protein sources in fish feed require the assessment of the carry-over potential of contaminants and anti-nutrients from feed ingredients into the fish, and the assessment of possible health risks for consumers. Presently, plant materials including wheat and legumes make up the largest part of aquafeeds, so evaluation of the transfer capabilities of typical toxic metabolites from plant-infesting fungi and of vegetable phytoestrogens into fish products is of great importance. With the aim of facilitating surveillance of relevant mycotoxins and isoflavones, we have developed and validated a multi-analyte LC-HRMS/MS method that can be used to ensure compliance to set maximum levels in feed and fish. The method performance characteristics were determined, showing high specificity for all 25 targeted analytes, which included 19 mycotoxins and three isoflavones and their corresponding aglycons with sufficient to excellent sensitivities and uniform analytical linearity in different matrices. Depending on the availability of matching stable isotope-labelled derivates or similar-structure homologues, calibration curves were generated either by using internal standards or by matrix-matched external standards. Precision and recovery data were in the accepted range, although they varied between the different analytes. This new method was considered as fit-for-purpose and applied for the analysis of customised fish feed containing wheat gluten, soy, or pea protein concentrate as well as salmon and zebrafish fed on diets with these ingredients for a period of up to eight weeks. Only mycotoxin enniatin B, at a level near the limit of detection, and low levels of isoflavones were detected in the feed, demonstrating the effectiveness of maximum level recommendations and modern feed processing technologies in the Norwegian aquaculture industry. Consequently, carry-over into fish muscle was not observed, confirming that fillets from plant-fed salmon were safe for human consumption.

ACS Style

Amritha Johny; Christiane Kruse Fæste; André S. Bogevik; Gerd Marit Berge; Jorge M.O. Fernandes; Lada Ivanova. Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Mycotoxins and Phytoestrogens in Plant-Based Fish Feed and Exposed Fish. Toxins 2019, 11, 222 .

AMA Style

Amritha Johny, Christiane Kruse Fæste, André S. Bogevik, Gerd Marit Berge, Jorge M.O. Fernandes, Lada Ivanova. Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Mycotoxins and Phytoestrogens in Plant-Based Fish Feed and Exposed Fish. Toxins. 2019; 11 (4):222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amritha Johny; Christiane Kruse Fæste; André S. Bogevik; Gerd Marit Berge; Jorge M.O. Fernandes; Lada Ivanova. 2019. "Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Mycotoxins and Phytoestrogens in Plant-Based Fish Feed and Exposed Fish." Toxins 11, no. 4: 222.

Journal article
Published: 04 December 2018 in Toxins
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Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of feed may result in reduced growth, feed refusal, immunosuppression, and health problems in swine. Piglets can be exposed to DON via placenta before birth and via milk during lactation. The extent of early-life exposure of piglets to DON is, however, not fully known. This study was therefore aimed at investigating DON uptake in sows fed with naturally contaminated diets, DON transfer across placenta during late gestation, and transfer of DON to piglets via colostrum and milk. Forty-four crossbred sows were evaluated from day 93 ± 1 of gestation until weaning of piglets and fed with feed made from naturally DON-contaminated oats at three concentration levels: (1) control (DON < 0.2 mg/kg), (2) DON level 1 (1.4 mg DON/kg), and (3) DON level 2 (1.7 mg DON/kg). The transfer of DON to the piglets was evaluated in 15 sows, with repeated sampling of blood and milk from the sows and blood samples from five piglets of each litter. The piglet/sow plasma DON ratio and milk/plasma (M/P) DON ratio in sows were calculated to estimate the degree of transfer. Piglet/sow plasma ratios were 2.14 at birth, 2.30 within 12–36 h after parturition, 0.08 on day 7, 0.16 on day 21, and 0.20 at weaning. M/P ratios were 0.92, 1.11, 0.94, 1.21, and 0.90, respectively. The results indicate that DON is efficiently transferred across placenta and into milk. However, the low piglet/sow plasma ratios at mid-lactation to weaning indicate that the piglets were most strongly exposed to DON in early life, despite the high M/P ratios and efficient secretion of DON in milk throughout the entire lactation.

ACS Style

Amin Sayyari; Silvio Uhlig; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Tore Framstad; Tore Sivertsen. Transfer of Deoxynivalenol (DON) through Placenta, Colostrum and Milk from Sows to Their Offspring during Late Gestation and Lactation. Toxins 2018, 10, 517 .

AMA Style

Amin Sayyari, Silvio Uhlig, Christiane Kruse Fæste, Tore Framstad, Tore Sivertsen. Transfer of Deoxynivalenol (DON) through Placenta, Colostrum and Milk from Sows to Their Offspring during Late Gestation and Lactation. Toxins. 2018; 10 (12):517.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amin Sayyari; Silvio Uhlig; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Tore Framstad; Tore Sivertsen. 2018. "Transfer of Deoxynivalenol (DON) through Placenta, Colostrum and Milk from Sows to Their Offspring during Late Gestation and Lactation." Toxins 10, no. 12: 517.

Toxicokinetics and metabolism
Published: 17 May 2018 in Archives of Toxicology
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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most prevalent mycotoxin in cereals worldwide. It can cause adverse health effects in humans and animals, and maximum levels in food and feed have been implemented by food authorities based on risk assessments derived from estimated intake levels. The lack of human toxicokinetic data such as absorption, distribution, and elimination characteristics hinders the direct calculation of DON plasma levels and exposure. In the present study, we have, therefore, used in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation of depletion constants in hepatic microsomes from different species and allometric scaling of reported in vivo animal parameters to predict the plasma clearance [0.24 L/(h × kg)] and volume of distribution (1.24 L/kg) for DON in humans. In addition, we have performed a toxicokinetic study with oral and intravenous administration of DON in pigs to establish benchmark parameters for the in vitro extrapolation approach. The determined human toxicokinetic parameters were then used to calculate the bioavailability (50–90%), maximum concentration, and total exposure in plasma, and urinary concentrations under consideration of typical DON levels in grain-based food products. The results were compared to data from biomonitoring studies in human populations.

ACS Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste; Lada Ivanova; Amin Sayyari; Ulrik Hansen; Tore Sivertsen; Silvio Uhlig. Prediction of deoxynivalenol toxicokinetics in humans by in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation and allometric scaling of in vivo animal data. Archives of Toxicology 2018, 92, 2195 -2216.

AMA Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste, Lada Ivanova, Amin Sayyari, Ulrik Hansen, Tore Sivertsen, Silvio Uhlig. Prediction of deoxynivalenol toxicokinetics in humans by in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation and allometric scaling of in vivo animal data. Archives of Toxicology. 2018; 92 (7):2195-2216.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste; Lada Ivanova; Amin Sayyari; Ulrik Hansen; Tore Sivertsen; Silvio Uhlig. 2018. "Prediction of deoxynivalenol toxicokinetics in humans by in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation and allometric scaling of in vivo animal data." Archives of Toxicology 92, no. 7: 2195-2216.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Toxicology Letters
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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most prevalent mycotoxin produced by grain-infecting Fusarium strains and frequently occurs in small cereals all over the world. After ingestion, DON is absorbed in the gut, which leads dose-dependently to critical health effects. In the present study, we have further investigated DON's previously reported affinity to the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in the apical enterocyte membrane. Interaction with Pgp was studied in human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney wild-type (MDCKII-wt) and Pgp-overexpressing (MDCKII-MDR1) cells in different transport and cytotoxicity experiments. We found that DON was exported by Pgp and was less cytotoxic in Pgp-overexpressing cells. In the fluorometric calcein-acetoxymethylester (Calcein AM) assay DON reduced intracellular calcein retention, indicating a stimulation of Pgp-mediated efflux. In the presence of the selective Pgp inhibitors verapamil (Ver) and valspodar (PSC 833) the effect was, respectively, distinctive and significant. Verrucarol, a structural analogue of DON, was much less effective indicating the importance of the α, β-conjugated carbonyl group in the DON molecule for Pgp interaction. Our results confirmed that Pgp might have the potential to reduce intestinal absorption of DON in vivo. Furthermore, we were able to show that DON can modulate Pgp activity in vitro.

ACS Style

Lada Ivanova; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Anita Solhaug. Role of P -glycoprotein in deoxynivalenol-mediated in vitro toxicity. Toxicology Letters 2018, 284, 21 -28.

AMA Style

Lada Ivanova, Christiane Kruse Fæste, Anita Solhaug. Role of P -glycoprotein in deoxynivalenol-mediated in vitro toxicity. Toxicology Letters. 2018; 284 ():21-28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lada Ivanova; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Anita Solhaug. 2018. "Role of P -glycoprotein in deoxynivalenol-mediated in vitro toxicity." Toxicology Letters 284, no. : 21-28.

Comparative study
Published: 01 July 2017 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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Enniatins (ENNs) are hexadepsipeptidic mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species. They occur in mg/kg levels in grain from Northern climate areas. Major ENNs such as ENN B and B1 have shown considerable cytotoxicity in different in vitro test systems. To adequately assess exposure and in vivo toxicity the toxicokinetic properties need to be investigated. The present study describes the metabolism of ENN B1 both in vitro and in vivo in pigs, comparing metabolites found in vitro in experiments with liver microsomes from different pig strains to those found in the plasma of pigs after single oral or intravenous application of ENN B1. Metabolites of hepatic biotransformation were tentatively identified and characterised by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as chemical derivatisations. Kinetic parameters of metabolite formation and elimination were determined. Metabolite formation was higher when ENN B1 was absorbed from the gut compared to intravenous administration indicating pre-systemic metabolism of ENN B1 after oral uptake. The in vitro approach resulted in the detection of ten ENN B1 metabolites, while six were detected in in vivo samples. The putative ENN B1 metabolites were products of hydroxylation, carbonylation, carboxylation and oxidative demethylation reactions.

ACS Style

Lada Ivanova; Silvio Uhlig; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels; Christiane Kruse Fæste. Biotransformation of the mycotoxin enniatin B1 in pigs: A comparative in vitro and in vivo approach. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2017, 105, 506 -517.

AMA Style

Lada Ivanova, Silvio Uhlig, Mathias Devreese, Siska Croubels, Christiane Kruse Fæste. Biotransformation of the mycotoxin enniatin B1 in pigs: A comparative in vitro and in vivo approach. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017; 105 ():506-517.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lada Ivanova; Silvio Uhlig; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels; Christiane Kruse Fæste. 2017. "Biotransformation of the mycotoxin enniatin B1 in pigs: A comparative in vitro and in vivo approach." Food and Chemical Toxicology 105, no. : 506-517.

Review
Published: 04 February 2017 in Toxins
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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common mycotoxin in Norwegian cereals, and DON is detected in most samples of crude cereal grain and cereal food commodities such as flour, bran, and oat flakes. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety assessed the risk for adverse effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) in different age groups of the domestic population. This review presents the main results from the risk assessment, supplemented with some recently published data. Impairment of the immune system together with reduced feed intake and weight gain are the critical effects of DON in experimental animals on which the current tolerable daily intake was established. Based on food consumption and occurrence data, the mean exposure to DON in years with low and high levels of DON in the flour, respectively, were in the range of or up to two times the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) in 1-year-old infants and 2-year-old children. In years with high mean DON concentration, the high (95th-percentile) exposure exceeded the TDI by up to 3.5 times in 1-, 2- , 4-, and 9-year-old children. The assessment concluded that exceeding the TDI in infants and children is of concern. The estimated dietary DON intakes in adolescent and adult populations are in the range of the TDI or below, and are not a health concern. Acute human exposure to DON is not of concern in any age group.

ACS Style

Leif Sundheim; Inger Therese Lillegaard; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Anne-Lise Brantsæter; Guro Brodal; Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen. Deoxynivalenol Exposure in Norway, Risk Assessments for Different Human Age Groups. Toxins 2017, 9, 46 .

AMA Style

Leif Sundheim, Inger Therese Lillegaard, Christiane Kruse Fæste, Anne-Lise Brantsæter, Guro Brodal, Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen. Deoxynivalenol Exposure in Norway, Risk Assessments for Different Human Age Groups. Toxins. 2017; 9 (2):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leif Sundheim; Inger Therese Lillegaard; Christiane Kruse Fæste; Anne-Lise Brantsæter; Guro Brodal; Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen. 2017. "Deoxynivalenol Exposure in Norway, Risk Assessments for Different Human Age Groups." Toxins 9, no. 2: 46.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2016 in Journal of Chromatography A
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The parasite Anisakis simplex is present in many marine fish species that are directly used as food or in processed products. The anisakid larvae infect mostly the gut and inner organs of fish but have also been shown to penetrate into the fillet. Thus, human health can be at risk, either by contracting anisakiasis through the consumption of raw or under-cooked fish, or by sensitisation to anisakid proteins in processed food. A number of different methods for the detection of A. simplex in fish and products thereof have been developed, including visual techniques and PCR for larvae tracing, and immunological assays for the determination of proteins. The recent identification of a number of anisakid proteins by mass spectrometry-based proteomics has laid the groundwork for the development of two quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the detection of A. simplex in fish that are described in the present study. Both, the label-free semi-quantitative nLC-nESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS (MS1) and the heavy peptide-applying absolute-quantitative (AQUA) LC-TripleQ-MS/MS (MS2) use unique reporter peptides derived from anisakid hemoglobin and SXP/RAL-2 protein as analytes. Standard curves in buffer and in salmon matrix showed limits of detection at 1 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL for MS1 and 0.1 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL for MS2. Preliminary method validation included the assessment of sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and applicability to incurred and naturally-contaminated samples for both assays. By further optimisation and full validation in accordance with current recommendations the LC-MS/MS methods could be standardized and used generally as confirmative techniques for the detection of A. simplex protein in fish.

ACS Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste; Anders Moen; Björn Schniedewind; Jan Haug Anonsen; Jelena Klawitter; Uwe Christians. Development of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the quantitation of Anisakis simplex proteins in fish. Journal of Chromatography A 2016, 1432, 58 -72.

AMA Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste, Anders Moen, Björn Schniedewind, Jan Haug Anonsen, Jelena Klawitter, Uwe Christians. Development of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the quantitation of Anisakis simplex proteins in fish. Journal of Chromatography A. 2016; 1432 ():58-72.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste; Anders Moen; Björn Schniedewind; Jan Haug Anonsen; Jelena Klawitter; Uwe Christians. 2016. "Development of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the quantitation of Anisakis simplex proteins in fish." Journal of Chromatography A 1432, no. : 58-72.

Journal article
Published: 21 October 2014 in Food Analytical Methods
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Wild-caught marine fish are potentially carrying parasites. Larvae of the nematode Anisakis simplex (herring or whale worm) occur in almost all commercially exploited fish stocks in temperate seas. The presence of A. simplex in fish and fish products is not only an economic concern but represents a significant consumer health risk. Anisakiasis, human infection with live larvae, can occur by consuming raw or undercooked fish while allergy symptoms can also be elicited by the presence of A. simplex proteins in processed seafood. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has concluded in a scientific opinion that routine testing of seafood products for A. simplex is needed. In the present study, we have determined A. simplex proteins in farmed salmon intended for use in sushi and fish products from the Norwegian market by quantitative sandwich ELISA, immunostaining and mass spectrometry. Analytical methods detecting anisakid proteins at the single-digit milligram level appear to be sufficiently sensitive for the protection of allergic consumers. Only trace amounts (A. simplex is apparently not an immediate health problem given the results from this survey.

ACS Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste; Christin Plassen; Kjersti E. Løvberg; Anders Moen; Eliann Egaas. Detection of Proteins from the Fish Parasite Anisakis simplex in Norwegian Farmed Salmon and Processed Fish Products. Food Analytical Methods 2014, 8, 1390 -1402.

AMA Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste, Christin Plassen, Kjersti E. Løvberg, Anders Moen, Eliann Egaas. Detection of Proteins from the Fish Parasite Anisakis simplex in Norwegian Farmed Salmon and Processed Fish Products. Food Analytical Methods. 2014; 8 (6):1390-1402.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste; Christin Plassen; Kjersti E. Løvberg; Anders Moen; Eliann Egaas. 2014. "Detection of Proteins from the Fish Parasite Anisakis simplex in Norwegian Farmed Salmon and Processed Fish Products." Food Analytical Methods 8, no. 6: 1390-1402.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2014 in EuPA Open Proteomics
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The parasitic nematode Anisakis simplex occurs in fish stocks in temperate seas. A. simplex contamination of fish products is unsavoury and a health concern considering human infection with live larvae (anisakiasis) and allergic reactions to anisakid proteins in seafood. Protein extracts of A. simplex produce complex band patterns in gel electrophoresis and IgE-immunostaining. In the present study potential allergens have been characterised using sera from A. simplex-sensitised patients and proteome data obtained by mass spectrometry. A. simplex proteins were homologous to allergens in other nematodes, insects, and shellfish indicating cross-reactivity. Characteristic marker peptides for relevant A. simplex proteins were described.

ACS Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste; Karen R. Jonscher; Maaike Dooper; Wolfgang Egge-Jacobsen; Anders Moen; Alvaro Daschner; Eliann Egaas; Uwe Christians. Characterisation of potential novel allergens in the fish parasite Anisakis simplex. EuPA Open Proteomics 2014, 4, 140 -155.

AMA Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste, Karen R. Jonscher, Maaike Dooper, Wolfgang Egge-Jacobsen, Anders Moen, Alvaro Daschner, Eliann Egaas, Uwe Christians. Characterisation of potential novel allergens in the fish parasite Anisakis simplex. EuPA Open Proteomics. 2014; 4 ():140-155.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste; Karen R. Jonscher; Maaike Dooper; Wolfgang Egge-Jacobsen; Anders Moen; Alvaro Daschner; Eliann Egaas; Uwe Christians. 2014. "Characterisation of potential novel allergens in the fish parasite Anisakis simplex." EuPA Open Proteomics 4, no. : 140-155.

Journal article
Published: 26 July 2011 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The Norwegian Food Allergy Register was established at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health in 2000. The purpose of the register is to gain information about severe allergic reactions to food in Norway and to survey food products in relation to allergen labelling and contamination. Cases are reported on a voluntary basis by first line doctors, and submitted together with a serum sample for specific IgE analysis. The register has received a total of 877 reports from 1 July, 2000 to 31 December, 2010. Two age groups, small children and young adults are over-represented, and the overall gender distribution is 40:60 males-females. The legumes lupine and fenugreek have been identified as two “new” allergens in processed foods and cases of contamination and faults in production of processed foods have been revealed. The highest frequency of food specific IgE is to hazelnuts and peanuts, with a marked increase in reactions to hazelnuts during the last three years. The Food Allergy Register has improved our knowledge about causes and severity of food allergic reactions in Norway. The results show the usefulness of population based national food allergy registers in providing information for health authorities and to secure safe food for individuals with food allergies.

ACS Style

Ellen Namork; Christiane K. Fæste; Berit A. Stensby; Eliann Egaas; Martinus Løvik. Severe Allergic Reactions to Food in Norway: A Ten Year Survey of Cases Reported to the Food Allergy Register. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2011, 8, 3144 -3155.

AMA Style

Ellen Namork, Christiane K. Fæste, Berit A. Stensby, Eliann Egaas, Martinus Løvik. Severe Allergic Reactions to Food in Norway: A Ten Year Survey of Cases Reported to the Food Allergy Register. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011; 8 (8):3144-3155.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ellen Namork; Christiane K. Fæste; Berit A. Stensby; Eliann Egaas; Martinus Løvik. 2011. "Severe Allergic Reactions to Food in Norway: A Ten Year Survey of Cases Reported to the Food Allergy Register." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8, no. 8: 3144-3155.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2011 in Drug Metabolism and Disposition
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Isoflavone aglycones daidzein (Dein) and genistein (Gein) are present primarily as glucuronides and sulfates in human plasma; however, very little is known about the plasma pharmacokinetics of isoflavone conjugates after soy ingestion. The aim of this study was to investigate metabolism and disposition of the isoflavone conjugated metabolites glucuronide or sulfate or both after ingestion of kinako (baked soybean flour) by 10 volunteers. The quantifications of 16 metabolites in plasma and urine were performed by our previously reported high-performance liquid chromatography-UV-diode-array detector method. Plasma concentrations of total Dein and Gein metabolites reached maximal values of 0.64 ± 0.18 μM at 4.7 ± 2.5 h and 1.58 ± 0.55 μM at 5.4 ± 2.1 h, respectively. The area under the curve from 0 to 48 h demonstrated that daidzein-7-glucuronide-4′-sulfate (D-7G-4′S) (53.3%) was a major metabolite of Dein and that genistein-7-glucuronide-4′-sulfate (G-7G-4′S) (54.0%) and genistein-4′,7-diglucuronide (G-4′,7-diG) (26.6%) were major metabolites of Gein in plasma. The compositions of isoflavone metabolites in urine and plasma were greatly different. Approximately half of the 48-h urinary excretion of total Dein metabolites consisted of daidzein-7-glucuronide. The total amounts of genistein-7-glucuronide and genistein-4′-glucuronide were half the total amount of the urinary Gein metabolites. Excretion into urine of D-7G-4′S and G-7G-4′S accounted for only 16% each of the total Dein and Gein metabolites, respectively. The plasma and urine profiles of 16 metabolites of Dein and Gein demonstrate the involvement of desulfation and deglucuronidation of the conjugated metabolites D-7G-4′S, G-7G-4′S, and G-4′,7-diG in the process of renal excretion.

ACS Style

Christiane K. Fæste; Lada Ivanova; Silvio Uhlig. In Vitro Metabolism of the Mycotoxin Enniatin B in Different Species and Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Phenotyping by Chemical Inhibitors. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2011, 39, 1768 -1776.

AMA Style

Christiane K. Fæste, Lada Ivanova, Silvio Uhlig. In Vitro Metabolism of the Mycotoxin Enniatin B in Different Species and Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Phenotyping by Chemical Inhibitors. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2011; 39 (9):1768-1776.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christiane K. Fæste; Lada Ivanova; Silvio Uhlig. 2011. "In Vitro Metabolism of the Mycotoxin Enniatin B in Different Species and Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Phenotyping by Chemical Inhibitors." Drug Metabolism and Disposition 39, no. 9: 1768-1776.

Review
Published: 01 February 2011 in Journal of Food Protection
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Food allergy is an important issue in the field of food safety because of the hazards for affected persons and the hygiene requirements and legal regulations imposed on the food industry. Consumer protection and law enforcement require suitable analytical techniques for the detection of allergens in foods. Immunological methods are currently preferred; however, confirmatory alternatives are needed. The determination of allergenic proteins by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry has greatly advanced in recent years, and gel-free allergenomics is becoming a routinely used approach for the identification and quantitation of food allergens. The present review provides a brief overview of the principles of proteomic procedures, various chromatographic set ups, and mass spectrometry instrumentation used in allergenomics. A compendium of published liquid chromatography methods, proteomic analyses, typical marker peptides, and quantitative assays for 14 main allergy-causing foods is also included.

ACS Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste; Helene Thorsen Rønning; Uwe Christians; Per Einar Granum. Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry in Food Allergen Detection. Journal of Food Protection 2011, 74, 316 -345.

AMA Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste, Helene Thorsen Rønning, Uwe Christians, Per Einar Granum. Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry in Food Allergen Detection. Journal of Food Protection. 2011; 74 (2):316-345.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christiane Kruse Fæste; Helene Thorsen Rønning; Uwe Christians; Per Einar Granum. 2011. "Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry in Food Allergen Detection." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 2: 316-345.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2010 in Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL
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ACS Style

Christiane K Faeste; Karen R Jonscher; Louis Sit; Jelena Klawitter; Kjersti E Løvberg; Lena H Moen. Differentiating cross-reacting allergens in the immunological analysis of celery (Apium graveolens) by mass spectrometry. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 2010, 93, 1 .

AMA Style

Christiane K Faeste, Karen R Jonscher, Louis Sit, Jelena Klawitter, Kjersti E Løvberg, Lena H Moen. Differentiating cross-reacting allergens in the immunological analysis of celery (Apium graveolens) by mass spectrometry. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. 2010; 93 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christiane K Faeste; Karen R Jonscher; Louis Sit; Jelena Klawitter; Kjersti E Løvberg; Lena H Moen. 2010. "Differentiating cross-reacting allergens in the immunological analysis of celery (Apium graveolens) by mass spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 93, no. 2: 1.