Rural revitalization plays an important role in reducing urban–rural disparities and promoting inclusive regional development in China. This study appraises the coordinated development of agricultural new-quality productive forces and rural revitalization across five provincial-level regions in Northwest China—Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang—from 2013 to 2022. Thirty-two indicators (16 in each subsystem) are weighted by the entropy method and evaluated using TOPSIS, grey relational analysis, a coupling coordination degree model, an overall Dagum Gini coefficient (without within- or between-group decomposition), and an obstacle degree model. The empirical results show a clear regional hierarchy: the mean coupling coordination degree (D) is 0.977 in Shaanxi, 0.882 in Xinjiang, 0.854 in Gansu, 0.707 in Ningxia, and 0.700 in Qinghai. In Xinjiang, the agricultural new-quality productive-forces score fell from 0.984 in 2013 to 0.748 in 2022, the rural-revitalization score fell from 0.721 to 0.705, and D fell from 0.918 to 0.852, showing a fluctuating relative trajectory rather than steady improvement. Agricultural means of production remain the largest criterion-level obstacle (37.74% on average across the five regions), while agricultural science and technology personnel constitute Xinjiang’s largest indicator-level obstacle (17.50%). The results support differentiated regional strategies and demonstrate that composite-index findings should be interpreted as descriptive and relative rather than causal.