Cephalic index is a highly useful method for planning surgical procedures, as well as assessing their effectiveness in correcting cranial deformations in children. There are relatively very few studies measuring cephalic index in healthy Caucasian young children. The aim of our study was to develop a classification of current cephalic index for healthy Caucasian children up to 3 years of age with normal brain development, using axial slice computer tomography performed with very thin slices (0.5 mm) resulting in more accurate measurements. 180 healthy infants (83 females and 97 males) were divided into 5 age categories: 0–3, 4–6, 7–12, 13–24, and 25–36 months. The average value of cephalic index in children up to 3 years of age amounted to 81.45 ± 7.06. The index value in case of children under 3 months was 80.19, 4 to 6 months was 81.45, 7 to 12 months was 83.15, in children under 2 years was 81.05, and in children under 3 years was 79.76. Mesocephaly is the dominating skull shape in children. In this study, we formulated a classification of current cephalic indices of children with normal brain development. Our date appears to be of utmost importance in anthropology, anatomy forensic medicine, and genetics.

Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine jest oficjalnym pismem Uniwersytetu Medycznego im. Piast?w Sl?skich we Wroc?awiu. Publikowane s? w nim prace naukowe polskie, jak r?wnie? zagraniczne.

Standard anthropometric methods applied to measurements of the skull differentials are laden with mistakes stemming from the way the measuring devices are built and from a lack of experience on the part of the researchers. To increase objectivity, digital imaging measurements via computer systems were introduced. The aim of this research was to assess the asymmetry of the male and female orbit with the application of the new graphic methods: raster graphics and vector graphics. The examination was conducted on 184 well-preserved skulls. The photos were taken by a digital camera with high definition. Orbit asymmetry was examined by determining the distance between the centers of gravity of both orbits and the frontal median line d1 and d2. Then angles α and β were appointed. They are defined as angles between the line that runs through craniometrical points mf and ek on the right side (angle α) and on the left side (angle β), and the frontal median line at their crossing point. Distances r2 and r1, which are allocated points between the frontal median lines (LPP), were also set. Angles α and β were also analyzed while comparing the skulls of both genders. Statistically significant differences were only observed in male skulls. However, differences for both genders were noted in parameters d1 and d2. No statistically significant differences were discovered between men and women for parameters r1 and r2. The groups of women and men were merged, being treated as a population; which resulted in the conclusion that there are no statistically significant differences between these parameters. The skull's asymmetry connected to gender and the asymmetry of the right and left sides of examined craniums can be used in criminal examinations as well as in facial reconstructive surgeries.

The vein and ligament of Marshall (VOM and LOM) are embryological remnants that have gained increasing recognition due to their anatomical complexity, arrhythmogenic potential, and relevance during catheter ablation and structural heart interventions. This review summarizes current evidence on their embryology, morphology, anatomical variability, imaging characteristics, and clinical implications. A structured literature search across PubMed, Embase, and Scopus identified anatomical, histological, electrophysiological, and interventional studies. The VOM is present in most hearts, but its topographic variants and ostial positions show substantial interindividual diversity. The LOM displays a segmental architecture with distinct muscular and fibrotic components that interface with the atrial myocardium and the coronary sinus, providing a substrate for atrial fibrillation. Advances in cardiac imaging have improved delineation of the VOM–LOM region, enhancing pre-procedural assessment and guidance for ethanol infusion and ablation strategies. Recognition of the variability and functional significance of these structures is essential for optimizing procedural outcomes and avoiding complications. Taken together, the VOM and LOM represent key atrial venous remnants whose detailed characterization contributes to a deeper understanding of atrial arrhythmogenesis and contemporary interventional electrophysiology.

Introduction : The analysis of the upper massif of the craniofacial (UMC) is widely used in many fields of science. The aim of the study was to create a high resolution computer system based on a digital information record and on vector graphics, that could enable dimension measuring and...

Introduction : Anthropological analysis of the orbits using classic anthropometric instruments based on width and height measurements as well as orbital index allows for classification of orbits in terms of their shape, yet it has poor clinical application. Nowadays computer graphics enables a...