Neutrino masses are yet unknown. We discuss the present state of effective electron antineutrino mass from decay experiments; effective Majorana neutrino mass from neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments; neutrino mass squared differences from neutrino oscillation: solar, atmospheric, reactor, and accelerator-based experiments; sum of neutrino masses from cosmological observations. Current experimental challenges in the determination of neutrino masses are briefly discussed. The main focus is devoted to contemporary experiments.

Highly energetic proton/electron beam fixed-target experiments extend an opportunity to probe the sub-GeV dark matter and associated interactions. In this work, we have explored the sensitivity of DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) for sub-GeV leptophobic dark matter, i.e., this dark matter barely couples with the leptons. Baryon number gauge theory can predict the existence of leptophobic cold dark matter particle candidates. In our work, the dark matter candidate is considered to be scalar whose mass is defined by the symmetry breaking of new baryonic gauge group U(1)(B). In this scenario, a light scalar dark matter couples with the standard model candidates via vector boson mediator V-B which belongs to the baryonic gauge group U(1)(B). This leptophobic dark matter dominantly couples to the quarks. Under this scenario, new parameter space for alpha(B) is explored by DUNE for leptophobic dark matter candidates. This new parameter space allowed alpha(B) to get a lower value than the present exiting constraint value of a(B), i.e., 10(-6).

Recent neutrino oscillation experiments used high atomic number nuclear targets to attain sufficient interaction rates. The use of these complex targets introduced systematic uncertainties due to the nuclear effects in the experimental observables and need to be measured properly to pin down the discovery. Through this simulation work, we are trying to quantify the nuclear effects in the argon (Ar) target in comparison to hydrogen (H) target which are proposed to be used at Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector and near detector, respectively. Generated Events for Neutrino Interaction Experiments and NuWro, two neutrino event generators, are used to construct final state kinematics. To quantify the systematic uncertainties in the observables, we present the ratio of the oscillation probabilities (P(Ar)/P(H)) as a function of the reconstructed neutrino energy.

Carbon-based perovskite solar cells present an attractive option for large-scale production due to their notable stability and cost-effectiveness. Streamlining the architecture of perovskite solar cells and eliminating the hole transport layer contribute to additional cost savings. Hole transport layer free perovskite solar cells are more efficient to fabricate than regular perovskite solar cells making them a strong candidate for advancing large-scale production processes. Despite the enhanced stability of double perovskite solar cells, their efficiency remains lower than that of single perovskite cells. In response to environmental concerns, efforts are underway to develop lead-free perovskite absorber layers, with Cs₂AgBiBr₆ identified as a promising candidate. In experimental studies, Cs₂AgBiBr₆ double perovskite solar cell had achieved a low band-gap (E _g = 1.64 eV) through hydrogenation treatment, it shows potential for further research and development. To enhance the performance of this double perovskite solar cell, we have excluded the hole transport layer and opted for carbon as a back electrode. Utilizing SCAPS-1D simulation software, we conducted optimizations, including selecting an appropriate transparent conducting oxide and electron transport layer, adjusting the absorber layer thickness, optimizing acceptor density, modulating the doping density and defect density in the absorber layer, and optimizing the work function of the front electrode. These optimizations resulted in improved efficacy, with the fluorine doped tin oxide/tungsten oxide Cs₂AgBiBr₆/Carbon configuration demonstrating exceptional photovoltaic performance, featuring open-circuit voltage = 1.41 V, short-circuit current density = 21.95 mA cm⁻², power conversion efficiency = 25.28 %, and fill factor = 81.54 %.