On 18 December 2023, a 6.2-magnitude earthquake struck Jishishan, affecting multiple counties and cities in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces. The seismic intensity of the meizoseismal area was VIII, resulting in extensive structural damage and building collapses. A damage assessment was conducted of the epicenter and surrounding high-intensity zones. To understand the typical structures and characteristics of the buildings that were damaged in these high-intensity zones, this study summarizes the characteristics of the damage to typical rural houses, compares the damage of the rural houses across different sites, and analyzes the causes behind these variations. The findings of the study indicate the following: (1) Timber and some brick–timber structures, due to their age, insufficient material strength, and lack of adequate connections between parts of the building, primarily experienced severe damage or total collapse, characterized by through-wall cracks, partial collapses, or complete collapses. (2) Brick–concrete structures predominantly suffered moderate to severe damage due to factors such as improper layout, uneven façades, and inadequate or incomplete seismic measures. The observed damage included significant wall cracks and extensive damage to two-story buildings. (3) Frame structures, mainly used for public facilities like schools, hospitals, and health centers, exhibited strong integrity and excellent seismic performance, resulting in minimal to no damage, with damage largely confined to non-load-bearing components. (4) The amplification effects of seismic waves in thick loess basin areas, slope sites, and the hanging wall effect of faults exacerbated structural damage to rural houses located in certain villages within the high-intensity areas. The results of this study can serve as a reference for post-disaster reconstruction and seismic retrofitting of buildings and contribute positively to enhancing the disaster resilience of rural housing.

Loess has poor engineering properties, including wet subsidence and dynamic fragility, and the dynamic stability of the loess subgrades can be improved by compacted modified loess mixing industrial wastes such as fly ash and lignin. However, the performance of the modified loess under complex environmental conditions, including dry and wet cycles, as well as freeze-thaw cycles, remains unclear. In this study, the dynamic and structural characteristics of modified loess mixing fly ash and lignin under the coupling effect of dry-wet/freeze-thaw cycles were investigated through laboratory tests, including dry-wet–freeze/thaw cycle tests, dynamic triaxial tests, and scanning electron microscope tests. The cumulative plastic deformation characteristics of the improved loess under different dry-wet cycles and freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed. Combined with the scanning electron microscope test results, the attenuation mechanism of the strength of the improved loess under dry-wet/freeze-thaw coupling was analyzed. The results show that the dry-wet/freeze-thaw cycles have a significant effect on the dynamic deformation of the improved loess. With the increase in dry-wet/freeze-thaw cycles, the cumulative plastic deformation of the improved loess increases logarithmically with the rise in vibration times. With the increase in the number of dry-wet/freeze-thaw cycles, the improved loess becomes loose. The micro-cracks formed in the modified loess due to the connection and directional arrangement of the pores, and become wider and wider with the increase in dry-wet/freeze-thaw cycles. The apparent porosity, average porous diameter, and pore fractal dimension of the improved loess increase, while the probability entropy decreases. Compared with freeze-thaw cycles, dry-wet cycles had a greater effect on the microstructure of the improved loess, which made the deterioration of the dynamic stability of the improved loess more obvious.

Monolithic precast reinforced concrete (RC) frames with cast-in-place joint cores and grouted-sleeve splices are increasingly adopted in seismic regions, yet connection degradation is not carried through to system-level fragility: existing studies take hinge properties from code tables or one test, or stop at the joint. This study closes that gap with a reproducible transfer route in which the degrading, pinched M–θ hysteresis identified from a refined joint model becomes structure-level hinge parameters, with every intermediate quantity reported so that the route can be reproduced elsewhere. The joint model is an explicit finite-element interface-spring/contact strategy with Mohr–Coulomb interface behavior, tension cut-off, local spring failure, and sleeve–grout–rebar bond slip. Incremental dynamic analysis and fragility assessment of a six-story monolithic precast frame and a comparable cast-in-place frame show larger inter-story drift demands in the precast frame. At PGA = 0.40 g, its collapse exceedance probabilities are higher by 0.73 and 0.44 percentage points in X and Y, respectively. Global performance is broadly comparable, but the precast frame shows a consistent, modest unfavorable tendency caused by connection pinching and reduced ultimate rotation. Interface treatment, sleeve grouting quality, and connection-level ductility should therefore be explicitly considered in seismic performance assessment and design.