Existing concepts and frameworks of soundscapes focus on the analysis and description of the sound source but do not explore geographical environment parameters and receiver characteristics in the geographical scene. Existing soundscape data models ignore the geographical environment and receiver information, which limits the comprehensive understanding and expression of soundscapes. They cannot study the relationship between the elements related to the sound source or explore the interaction mechanism between the sound and geographical environments. From the geographical perspective, this study extends soundscape to geographical soundscape (geo-soundscape), defines geo-soundscape by the cognition of the geographical scene, analyzes and expresses the conceptual framework of soundscapes through a content hierarchy structure, and expands the characteristics of the receiver, geographical environment parameters, further-obtained geographical scene elements, and scene element description dimensions. Based on the MPEG-7 data model, this study develops a geographical-MPEG-7 data model which consists of low-, medium-, and high-level feature classes. Taking as an example soundscape data collected on a university road in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, in a real geographical environment, the concept, framework, and data model architecture of the geo-soundscape proposed in this study are demonstrated and described to validate the completeness and feasibility of the proposed model. The results show that our basic framework for a geo-soundscape is well adapted to the Geo-MPEG-7 data model. The model can store, organize, and describe all the soundscape information containing all elements and inter-element relationships. The soundscape in the real environment is fully expressed and described. This study provides a new research direction for soundscapes from a geographical perspective and provides guidance for urban planning and landscape design.

1. Buildings constitute the primary land features in urban environments, and their height is a key component of urban spatial information (Fan et al. 2024). Building height information is widely ap...

Regional photovoltaic screening must reconcile land availability with ecological and electricity-demand priorities. We compared eight photovoltaic siting scenarios in Shaanxi using province-wide or regional weights derived from criterion variability and correlations. Ecological components and siting criteria, including ERA5 solar irradiation, were weighted separately. The full regional model identified 13,428.59 km² at suitability ≥0.60. Under the separate 2872.26 km² Top10 selection budget, adding ecological compatibility to the demand-based scenario lowered mean ecological constraint index (ECI) by 0.0883. Adding demand accessibility to the ecology-based scenario increased mean electricity-demand accessibility index (EDAI) by 0.0125. However, adding ecology raised or lowered EDAI depending on aspect treatment and resolution. The resolution comparison used a separate budget within common allowed footprints. Retrospective area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) ranged from 0.6575 to 0.6736 across the two full models and a six-factor analytic hierarchy process benchmark for 145 eligible photovoltaic polygons; paired comparisons did not resolve relative performance. Proximity grouping retained 2426.44 km² in 929 planning groups comprising 9398 distinct physical patches. These comparisons quantify how weighting, ecological and demand criteria, and spatial representation change the land prioritized for municipal assessment.