Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important One Health challenge, yet evidence on resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Romania is dispersed across animal species, food matrices, environmental compartments, and surveillance systems. This comprehensive narrative review synthesizes and critically evaluates evidence across animal–food–environment interfaces and places it in the context of broader European AMR patterns. Particular attention is given to isolate origin, resistance phenotypes, multidrug resistance, major resistance determinants, molecular epidemiology, and the strength of evidence supporting cross-sector connections. Studies most frequently addressed poultry and swine, where resistance to ampicillin, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines was repeatedly reported, together with extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance, particularly in E. coli. Evidence from cattle, foods of animal origin, companion animals, wildlife, wastewater, and aquatic environments shows that resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes occur across multiple compartments. Substantial heterogeneity in sampling design, susceptibility testing, and molecular characterization limits direct comparison between studies, while epidemiologically linked investigations and whole-genome sequencing across connected reservoirs remain uncommon. Priorities include more standardized cross-sector surveillance, stronger environmental monitoring, expanded genomic epidemiology, improved data interoperability, and continued antimicrobial stewardship. By integrating fragmented national evidence, this review identifies both well-characterized sectors and interfaces where important evidence gaps remain.

The growing interest in alternatives to bovine milk has highlighted mare and donkey milk as valuable resources due to their compositional similarity to human milk and their potential applications in nutrition and veterinary practice. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of feeding regimes on the physicochemical composition of milk in mares and jennies under farm conditions. Milk and feed samples were collected from different farms in western Romania during the first three months of lactation. Sampling was performed at defined stages (colostrum, early, mid, and late lactation). Milk parameters analyzed included protein, fat, lactose, and total solids, while feed composition varied between farms, with crude protein ranging from 11.07% to 18.21% and crude fiber between 19.40% and 23.12%. Milk composition differed between species and lactation stages. In mares, fat content ranged from 1.06 to 2.58%, protein from 3.14 to 3.62%, lactose from 4.44 to 5.61%, and total solids from 9.75 to 12.09%. In jennies, fat content ranged from 0.06 to 1.40%, protein from 0.74 to 1.44%, lactose from 6.13 to 6.83%, and total solids from 8.45 to 9.53%. Mares showed greater variability in response to dietary differences, whereas jennies maintained more stable values, reflecting higher efficiency in utilizing fibrous diets. These results emphasize the role of nutrition in modulating milk composition and support the use of equine and donkey milk in veterinary and functional nutrition.

E. coli represents a particularly important pathogenic agent. The bacterium is commonly found in the intestines of mammals, with a remarkable ability to adapt to diverse environments, and is recognized for its resistance to multiple antibiotics. The study of E. coli strains originating from wild animals is not only ecologically relevant but also highly significant for public health, as it provides essential insights into the circulation of resistant bacteria and the risk of their transmission to other species, including humans. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify E. coli strains from wild foxes originating from hunting grounds in Timiș County, as well as to determine the frequency of their antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 50 samples were collected from 25 fox carcasses from the hunting grounds of Buziaș, Moșnița, Oloșag, Boldur, and Sacoșul Mare, leading to the isolation and identification of 31 E. coli strains using the Vitek2 Compact system. These strains were tested for antimicrobial resistance to 15 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer method. The highest frequencies of resistance phenotypes were observed against ceftazidime (63–75%), ciprofloxacin (56–60%), and imipenem (44–60%). Multidrug resistance was identified in 8 (57.1%) of the E. coli strains, suggesting a potential capacity for both inter- and intraspecific transmission of resistance factors. This study highlights the antimicrobial resistance of E. coli strains from wild foxes, underlining the importance of continuous monitoring of these populations for public health and for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance dissemination.

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the problem of strongylid helminth infections in horses, since no such investigation has been carried out in the last three decades. Helminthological research was conducted between October and December 2023 on a population of 22 horses. The investigated animals originated from private owners (household horses) in the locality of Cornereva, Caraș-Severin County, Romania. The animals were examined coprologically and subsequently treated with Fenbendazole (Panacur) to determine the efficacy of the treatment in naturally occurring strongylid infestations. The topic addressed aims to supplement the existing data regarding the monitoring of strongylidosis in this region of the country. Statistical analyses performed using the multiparametric ANOVA test supported the results obtained and confirmed the scientific relevance and value of these helminthological investigations. The efficacy of Fenbendazole in the studied horses was 99.36%, which indicates a high degree of product effectiveness.

Wild birds, due to their ability to migrate over long distances and exploit highly anthropized habitats, act as ecological vectors in the circulation of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, thereby influencing both human and animal health. The white stork (Ciconia ciconia), an opportunistic migratory species closely associated with human-altered habitats, plays a significant role in the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant and potentially zoonotic bacterial strains across ecological and geographical boundaries. This review synthesizes microbiological evidence from recent studies evaluating bacterial isolation, resistance profiles, and genetic determinants in C. ciconia populations across Europe and neighboring regions. Reported findings indicate consistently high isolation rates of Escherichia coli, along with frequent detection of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and other enteric bacteria. Genes such as blaCTX-M, mcr-1, blaSHV-12, mecC, and tet variants were commonly identified, reflecting complex multidrug-resistance mechanisms of clinical and ecological significance. Foraging at solid waste disposal sites and and proximity to human settlements were consistently associated with increased resistance prevalence. Ecological and behavioral factors, including parental feeding habits and habitat type, were shown to modulate both microbiota composition and the resistome structure. Collectively, these findings emphasize the role of the white stork as a bioindicator of environmental antimicrobial resistance and a potential ecological link in the transmission of zoonotic and resistant bacteria. The inclusion of wild avifauna in AMR surveillance strategies remains essential for understanding the complex interactions among humans, domestic animals, and the environment under the One Health paradigm.

Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most important bacterial pathogens affecting both human and animal health, with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emerging as a critical issue under the One Health framework. In livestock production, the rise of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and other multidrug-resistant strains poses increasing risks to animal welfare, food safety, and zoonotic transmission. This review synthesizes current knowledge derived from peer-reviewed studies, selected from an initial screening of numerous publications issued between 2020 and 2025 addressing the prevalence, resistance mechanisms, and epidemiological significance of S. aureus isolated from main livestock species such as cattle, pigs and poultry. The analyzed literature highlights the persistence of resistant strains in farm environments, the genetic diversity of resistance determinants, particularly those mediated by β-lactamase and mecA/mecC genes, and the strong association between antimicrobial use in animal husbandry and resistance emergence. Despite geographical and species-related variability, consistent patterns indicate that livestock serve as a substantial reservoir of AMR, facilitating potential transmission between animals and humans through direct contact and the food chain. The reviewed data emphasize the need for enhanced biosecurity, integrated surveillance, and rational antimicrobial use in livestock farming. Strengthening these strategies within a One Health perspective is essential to limit the dissemination of resistant S. aureus and to safeguard both animal and public health.