Secondary lymphoma of the prostate is described as the involvement of the prostate gland by lymphomatous spread from a primary site. This condition is exceedingly rare and often presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The symptoms often mimic those of benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer, including LUTS (lower urinary tract symptoms) and even complete urinary retention. Here, we present a rare case of a 62-year-old male patient undergoing chemotherapy for stage IV mantle cell stomach lymphoma and subsequently secondary prostatic involvement. The patient presented with complete urinary retention, accompanied by biochemical (PSA = 11.7 ng/mL) and imaging (Magnetic Resonance Imaging-PIRADS V lesion) suspicion for prostate cancer. Histopathologic analysis of the MRI-targeted prostate fusion biopsy revealed secondary prostatic lymphoma. The chosen treatment was transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) for relief of symptoms, which significantly improved urinary function (postoperative IPSS = 5 and Qmax = 17 mL/s). This case underscores the importance of considering prostatic lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction, especially in patients with a known lymphoma history. This report also provides a focused review of the literature on secondary prostatic lymphoma, highlighting the diagnostic challenges, treatment options, and clinical outcomes.

Background : In high-risk prostate cancer, the optimal timing of radical prostatectomy after diagnostic biopsy remains a clinically important issue. A real-world delay between diagnosis and radical treatment frequently occurs, raising concerns about potential disease progression in high-risk patients. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective study including patients with high-risk localized and locally advanced prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy from January 2016 to January 2026. Patients were stratified according to biopsy-to-radical prostatectomy interval into two groups: <90 days or ≥90 days. Adverse pathological outcomes were defined as extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement, positive surgical margins and lymph-node involvement. Univariable comparisons and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of adverse pathology. Results: A total of 158 patients with high-risk prostate cancer were included, of whom 67 (42.4%) underwent open- or laparoscopic radical prostatectomy within 90 days after biopsy and 91 (57.6%) after ≥90 days. On univariable analysis, the rates of extraprostatic extension were 59.7% vs. 63.7% in the <90-day and ≥90-day groups (p = 0.606), seminal vesicle involvement was observed in 22.4% vs. 24.2% (p = 0.627), positive surgical margins in 35.8% vs. 39.6% (p = 0.632), and lymph node involvement in 6% vs. 5.5% (p = 0.999). In multivariable logistic regression, a biopsy-to-radical prostatectomy interval ≥90 days was not independently associated with extraprostatic extension (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.68–2.77, p = 0.371), seminal vesicle involvement (OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.63–3.27, p = 0.391) or positive surgical margins (OR 1.31, 95% CI 0.66–2.62, p = 0.443). The number of positive biopsy cores independently predicted extraprostatic extension (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04–1.32, p = 0.008), while higher PSA independently predicted seminal vesicle involvement (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.10, p = 0.025) and positive surgical margins (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00–1.10, p = 0.027). Conclusions: In this real-world cohort of patients with high-risk prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy, no statistically significant independent association was detected between a biopsy-to-radical prostatectomy interval ≥90 days and extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement, or positive surgical margins. However, the confidence intervals remained compatible with potentially clinically meaningful differences, and residual confounding from clinician-driven prioritisation and unmeasured preoperative factors cannot be excluded. Therefore, these findings should not be interpreted as demonstrating equivalence or the safety of delaying surgery.

Introduction: Post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence represents a major determinant of postoperative quality of life. Functional magnetic stimulation (FMS) is a non-invasive pelvic floor rehabilitation modality used in the conservative management of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence; however, rehabilitation-related factors influencing treatment response remain insufficiently defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate real-world outcomes after an FMS protocol and to identify clinical and therapeutic factors associated with an investigator-defined exploratory response. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, single-center cohort study included 67 men treated with functional magnetic stimulation for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy. The primary endpoint was the post-FMS response score, assessed using an investigator-defined, non-validated 0–5 ordinal clinical response scale. Clinical, oncological, surgical, and rehabilitation-related variables were analyzed. Associations with treatment response were evaluated using univariable analyses and primary multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Results: A total of 67 patients were included, with a median age of 67 years [IQR: 63–70], a median PSA of 9.0 ng/mL [IQR: 6.45–14.08], a median number of FMS sessions of 11 [IQR: 8–13], and a median time from prostatectomy to first FMS session of 48 days [IQR: 30–83]. Any improvement was observed in 56 patients (83.6%), while investigator-defined exploratory response threshold was achieved in 28 patients (41.8%) and good/excellent response in 21 patients (31.3%). Patients aged ≤65 years had higher response scores than those aged >65 years (3 [IQR: 2–4] vs. 2 [IQR: 0.75–3], p = 0.025). Timing of FMS initiation was not associated with response when analyzed as a continuous variable. No statistically significant associations were detected between post-FMS response scores and PSA, ISUP grade group, EAU risk classification, or surgical approach in this cohort; however, clinically relevant associations cannot be excluded given the modest sample size. In the primary multivariable ordinal logistic regression model, older age was independently associated within the fitted model with lower odds of achieving a higher post-FMS response category (OR = 0.927, 95% CI: 0.859–0.999, p = 0.048), while the number of completed FMS sessions was independently associated within the fitted model with higher odds of achieving a higher response category (OR = 1.093, 95% CI: 1.009–1.184, p = 0.029). FMS initiation after 120 days was not independently associated with response category (OR = 0.447, 95% CI: 0.096–2.081, p = 0.305). Conclusions: Subjective functional improvement was observed after FMS in this retrospective outcome-evaluable cohort; however, because standardized baseline continence severity and a comparator group were unavailable, treatment efficacy cannot be established. Younger age and a greater number of completed FMS sessions were associated with higher post-FMS response categories in the exploratory multivariable analysis. However, the association with session number should not be interpreted as evidence of a causal dose–response relationship. Timing of FMS initiation was not associated with response when analyzed continuously. Exploratory 120-day and 180-day threshold analyses produced nominal subgroup differences but should be considered potentially data-dependent and hypothesis-generating only.

Postoperative delirium (POD) is a highly prevalent but frequently underrecognized complication that disproportionately affects frail and older surgical patients. This structured narrative review aims to synthesize contemporary evidence on adult postoperative delirium across the perioperative pathway and to classify major preventive and therapeutic strategies according to clinical maturity, target population, and implementation readiness. A structured literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Web of Science Core Collection was performed, supplemented by ClinicalTrials.gov, official ESAIC and ASA resources, reference-list screening, and selected seminal pre-2021 publications. Current evidence supports a multifactorial model in which baseline cognitive and physiological vulnerability interacts with inflammatory, pharmacological, hemodynamic, nociceptive, sleep-related, and environmental stressors. No single anesthetic technique, processed-EEG target, blood-pressure threshold, cerebral oximetry strategy, or pharmacological agent consistently prevents POD across surgical populations. Multicomponent non-pharmacological prevention has the most consistent support, whereas dexmedetomidine and other pharmacological approaches appear context-dependent, and biomarkers and metabolic targets remain investigational. Future progress will depend on standardized delirium ascertainment, better phenotyping, multimodal prediction and prevention strategies, and reliable implementation systems that identify vulnerability early and maintain effective preventive care across transitions.