The present study investigated the effects of enterocin (Ent) M and sage extract alone and also in combination on the gut microflora, phagocytic activity, blood biochemistry, and morphometry of rabbits. Sixty-four rabbits (aged five weeks, M91 meatline, both sexes) were divided into three experimental groups: E (EntM; 50 µL/animal/day), S (sage; 10 µL/animal/day), and E + S (EntM + sage) groups and control group (C). The additives were administered in drinking water for a period of 21 days. Dietary supplementation of EntM and sage significantly reduced the coliforms (E: p < 0.001; S: p < 0.001; E + S: p < 0.001) in feces, while simultaneous addition of EntM and sage decreased enterococci (E + S: p < 0.0001), lactic acid bacteria (E + S: p < 0.01), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (E + S: p < 0.0001) in the appendix. Sage addition reduced HDL (S: p < 0.001) and LDL cholesterol (S: p < 0.001; E + S: p < 0.001), LDL/HDL ratio (S: p < 0.001; E + S: p < 0.01), and increased urea (S: p < 0.01; E + S: p < 0.001) and creatinine (S: p < 0.001; E + S: p < 0.001) in serum. EntM and sage application, alone or in combination, improve the jejunal morphometry (p < 0.0001) in rabbits.

Regarding the trout microbiota, most information is focused on lactic acid bacteria, which can show beneficial properties. However, in trout farming, mostly pathogenic Gram-positive species were reported, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and/or Clostridium spp. In this study, free-living trout were analyzed for Gram-negative microbiota that can cause loss as disease-stimulating agents. Bacteriocin postbiotics should be one of the approaches used to eliminate these agents. In total, 21 strains of different species isolated from the intestinal tract of 50 trout in Slovakia (Salmo trutta and Salmo gairdnerii) were taxonomically allotted into 13 species and 9 genera. This method showed variability in microbiota identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with the following species: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Citrobacter gillenii, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Hafnia alvei, Kluyvera cryocrescens, K. intermedia, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Raoultella ornithinolytica, Pseudomonas fragi, Ps. putida, Ps. lundensis, Ps. teatrolens, and Serratia fonticola. Most strains were susceptible to the antibiotics used, reaching inhibitory zones up to 29 mm. On the other hand, 3 out of 21 strains (14%) were susceptible to nine enterocins- postbiotics (Hafnia alvei Hal281, Pseudomonas putida Pp391, and Ps. fragi Pf 284), with inhibitory activity in the range of 100–6400 AU/mL.

Yogurt is generally defined as a cultured milk product made using some species of lactic acid bacteria. Moreover, some additive bacteria are frequently involved in yogurts to provide health benefits. The objective of this study was testing the stability and survival of a beneficial strain with postbiotic activity, Enterococcus durans ED 26E/7, in cow, goat, and ewe–goat milk yogurts. The validated methods were used in the study. Postbiotic, concentrated substance (CBs) from the strain ED 26E/7 inhibited growth of indicator bacteria by 60.5%. The strains E. hirae (96%) were susceptible to CBs (inhibitory activity from 200 to 25,600 AU/mL). The growth of staphylococci was inhibited by 79% with activity of 100 up to 25,600 AU/mL. Also, 40 out of 46 fecal E. coli were inhibited (activity 100 AU/mL). CBs was thermo-stable and remained active also after storage for 11 months at −20 °C and −80 °C. Exposing CBs to proteolytic enzymes did not lead to its complete deactivation indicating that it is probably not only a proteinaceous substance. The highest counts of the freeze-dried (encapsulated), safe ED 26E/7 strain and its stability were detected in ewe–goat milk yogurts. They reached up to 5.0 cfu/g. ED 26E/7 represents a further promising additive, although other testing will be performed.

Objective: Staphylococci from beaver`s gut (Castor fiber) were analyzed as a contribution in the basic microbiology as well as in the part of beaver`s microbiome study. Methodology: Free-living beavers (12), both male and female (aged 4-5 years) were caught with a net in north-east part of Poland Województwo (Provincie) Podlaskie Gmina-Wizajny, GPS:22º 52E:54º22N and placed in wire cages. Sampling was provided in Poland. Sampling of jejunum (12), colon (12) and caecum (6) was followed the ethic rules for animal handling. Results: Staphylococci detected in jejunum reached amount 2.73 ± 1.16 cfu/g (log 10) on average; their counts in caecum reached 1.87 ± 0.37 cfu/g on average and in colon 2.89 ± 1.70 cfu/g. After score evaluation using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, a high variability in staphylococcal species distribution in beaver`s gut was found; in total, including 18 identified strains, nine species were detected belonging into five clusters; the strains were allotted in the coagulase-negative staphylococcal species. The most frequently detected species were S. hominis and S. haemolyticus (five strains for each). The other species included two strains-S. epidermidis and S. lentus, S. pasteuri, S. cohnii, S. vitulinus, S. warneri, S. xylosus, one strain for each one species. Fifteen strains were deoxyribonuclease and almost haemolysis negative. Ten strains (not depending on the species) showed low-grade biofilm ability formation. Most of strains were methicillin susceptible with high production of lactic acid. Conclusion: The study is original contribution in staphylococcal microbiome of beavers and gives opportunity in more detail study of individual strain species.