This article aimed to empirically substantiate the development of priority sectors to improve the economic security of the regions in Azerbaijan to achieve the goals of diversifying the national economy. We calculated an integral indicator of the economic security of areas by combining various socioeconomic development indicators, accounting for their variations from 2005 to 2022. The research established the relationship between the integral indicator of economic security in Azerbaijan's regions and the availability and efficiency of production factors in critical sectors of the economy, including Mining and quarrying, Manufacturing, Construction, Agriculture, forestry and fishing, and Trade. By applying the regression method, we concluded that agriculture and trade play a decisive role in increasing regional economic security in modern conditions. The research highlighted those growing factors: the number of employees, wages, and investments in fixed assets in these sectors, would be instrumental in achieving the adequate diversification of the country's economy.

Considering countries’ efforts to combat climate change and the critical role of energy use in carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) emissions, this study empirically analyzes the impact of electricity generation (EG) sub-types on CO ₂ emissions. In this vein, the study focuses on the five highly emitting countries (namely, China, the United States, India, Russia, & Japan), uses daily data from 1st January 2019 to 30th June 2024, and implements a kernel regularized least squares (KRLS) approach to consider average and marginal impacts in empirical analyses. The empirical outcomes demonstrate that (i) gas and nuclear EG decreases CO ₂ emissions for India; hydro EG is curbs CO ₂ emissions in India and Japan; oil EG decreases CO ₂ emissions at lower percentiles in the USA; (ii) coal EG cause an increase in CO ₂ emissions in the all countries; (iii) wind EG provides a decrease in CO ₂ emissions at lower percentiles in the USA and Japan, whereas its effect becomes ineffective across remaining percentiles and countries; (iv) solar EG is the unique source that has a declining impact across countries; (v) the KRLS approach has a high estimation capacity (R ² : 93.53%). Overall, the study reveals average and marginal impacts of EG subtypes on CO ₂ emissions across percentiles and countries. Accordingly, through consideration of empirical outcomes (e.g., solar EG is the most beneficial EG source for all countries) while some other EG sub-types are partially beneficial (e.g., gas EG in China and India; hydro EG in all countries; nuclear EG in all countries except Russia; wind EG in United States, India, and Japan), the study argues various policy implications (e.g., prioritizing the most helpful EG sources in providing further governmental support, focusing on first solar EG and then followed by hydro, nuclear, and wind EG to stimulate new capacity installation).

Income inequality remains a persistent structural challenge in advanced economies, with important consequences for economic stability, social cohesion, and the effectiveness of public policy. This study investigates the determinants of income inequality in the United Kingdom over the period 1980–2021 by combining ARDL, FMOLS, and NARDL approaches to assess long-run equilibrium relationships and potential nonlinear distributional effects. The ARDL bounds test confirms the presence of a stable long-run cointegrating relationship between the Gini index and its socioeconomic determinants, indicating that fiscal conditions, labour market dynamics, economic development, and income structure move together over time. The FMOLS estimates show that GDP per capita and unemployment are positively associated with inequality, whereas public social spending, government expenditure on education, tax revenue, and the income share of the fourth quintile are negatively related to the Gini index in the long run. These results underline the importance of redistribution, human capital investment, and labour market stability in moderating income disparities. The NARDL estimates suggest directionally different responses to positive and negative changes in the upper-middle-income share. Positive changes are associated with lower inequality (−0.931), while negative changes are associated with higher inequality (0.232); however, neither effect is statistically significant. The Wald test likewise fails to reject long-run symmetry (χ²(1) = 0.212, p = 0.646). Overall, the findings support a stable long-run inequality framework while indicating only limited evidence of asymmetric distributional adjustment in the United Kingdom.

Гафарлы Г.Н., Дадашев Э.Р. СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ПОСТКОНФЛИКТНОГО ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ НА ОСВОБОЖДЕННЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА // Universum: экономика и юриспруденция : электрон. научн. журн. 2025. 2(124). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/economy/archive/item/19124