Aptamers, which are intricate synthetic molecules composed of single-stranded DNA and RNA, have recently emerged as groundbreaking instruments in the complex and multifaceted realms of diagnosing and treating diverse and challenging cancers, particularly leukemia, a type of blood cancer characterized by the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. These innovative chemical antibodies, celebrated for their remarkable cost-effectiveness, unparalleled sensitivity, and exceptional precision, provide a promising beacon of hope in the arena of oncology, a field that continuously seeks novel approaches to combat various malignancies. Aptamers are fundamentally transforming the landscape of personalized medicine by adeptly and specifically targeting aberrantly expressed biomarkers, effectively modulating critical signaling pathways, and significantly enhancing the efficacy of drug delivery systems, thereby optimizing therapeutic outcomes for patients. This comprehensive review meticulously highlights the recent advancements in aptamer-based technologies, showcasing their immense potential to refine prognostic models, enhance interventions guided by the presence of minimal residual disease, and broaden the therapeutic options available for patients suffering from high-risk or relapsed forms of leukemia. Nevertheless, in conjunction with their promising applications, this study also delves into an exploration of the myriad of challenges and obstacles that may impede the realization of their full clinical potential in the healthcare setting. Graphic abstract This schematic illustrates the multifaceted roles of aptamers in the context of leukemia. The Design segment outlines the SELEX-based selection and amplification process used to generate aptamer candidates from ssDNA/RNA libraries against target cells or proteins. The Diagnostic section highlights applications of aptamers conjugated with antibodies, nanoparticles, or fluorescent labels for precise detection of leukemia biomarkers. In the Therapeutic domain, aptamers are shown to enable targeted drug delivery, inhibit downstream signaling pathways, and recognize specific leukemia cells. Finally, the Challenges section addresses key translational barriers, including serum stability, renal clearance, safety, and overall performance limitations of aptamer-based systems.

Ziyadullaev SK, et al. Immune Netw. 2025 Feb;25(2):e2. https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2025.25.e2

Horizons of international cooperation: medical science, practice and education Горизонты международного сотрудничества: медицинская наука, практика и образование

BACKGROUND: Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are often accompanied by changes in the oral cavity. This is largely due to the morphological and functional unity of the oral mucosa and the entire digestive tract. Therefore, the role of a dentist is important in early oncological alertness for detecting malignant neoplasms at an early stage of their development. AIM: Present the results of a morphological study of the mucous membrane of the mouth of an animal during experimental carcinogenesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 168 sexually mature outbred white male rats kept under standard vivarium conditions. The animals were divided into the following groups: control 84 individuals and experimental 84 animals with simulated colon adenocarcinomatosis. Every 30 days of the experiment, 12 animals were withdrawn from the control and experimental groups. Carcinogenesis was modeled by the introduction of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride, previously diluted with isotonic sodium chloride solution. Using a histological study, the mucous membrane of the mouth was studied in animals of both examined groups. RESULTS: The dynamics of morphological changes in the mucous membrane of the animals mouth was revealed against the background of the development of adenocarcinomatosis of the large intestine; the development of destructive-degenerative and sclerotic changes in the mucous membrane of the mouth of animals with simulated adenocarcinomatosis of the large intestine, the severity of which increased in accordance with the period of development of the neoplasm, was established. CONCLUSION: The revealed changes in the large intestine and the mucous membrane of the animals mouth, caused by a simulated chemical carcinogen, indicate a high risk of developing a malignant tumor with spread to all parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

Иммунные изменения в синовиальной жидкости при ревматоидном артрите

Sinus maxillaris — this is the largest of all the paranasal sinuses, which is a large shock-absorbing cavity of the middle zone of the face and its integrity can often be violated when the bones of this area are injured. In this review, an English-language search was performed on the epidemiology of the midface and the condition of the maxillary sinus using the PubMed database. We present and discuss the results of studying the nature of the lesion of the maxillary sinus in a fracture of the zygomatic-orbital complex.