Background and Objectives: Research from recent decades provides strong evidence of an association between childhood adversity and later mental illness in adulthood. The current study analyzed the frequency and intensity of exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a clinical sample of patients with mood disorders. Effect sizes for each ACE were also evaluated for the onset of depressive disorders (DD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Materials and Methods: A study enrolled total of 147 patients admitted to the Psychiatry Department with diagnoses of DD or BD between October 2018 and December 2019. The control group comprised 156 healthy volunteers. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), version 6.0. Adverse childhood experiences were assessed using a self-administered Adverse Childhood Experiences - International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Results: Results indicated that patients with mood disorders had significantly more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) compared to controls. The occurrence of high ACEs exposure (≥4 ACEs) was also notably greater among these patients. Higher cumulative ACEs scores correlated with increased likelihoods of depressive disorders (DD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Factors such as emotional and physical neglect, sexual abuse, household mental illness, having an incarcerated household member, collective violence, parental separation or death significantly raised the odds of DD. Similarly, household mental illness, emotional neglect, parental separation or death, and household substance abuse, collective violence significantly elevated the odds for BD. Multivariate binary logistic regression identified emotional neglect and household mental illness as independent predictors of DD and BD. Conclusions: Our results highlight a significant association between adverse childhood experiences and mood disorders. Early recognition of adversity in childhood and adolescence, and appropriate interventions, must play an important role in the prevention of mood disorders.

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is the most prevalent pelvic floor dysfunction, with incidence increasing with age. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of pelvic floor exercises in improving UI. However, access to pelvic floor treatment remains limited due to lengthy waiting lists and poor adherence to prescribed exercises. Digital solutions incorporating behavior change techniques (BCTs), including gamification elements, may support self-management of bladder health for individuals aged 50 years and older who may face challenges in accessing conventional treatments. Objective: This study aimed to identify mobile apps and websites integrating BCTs, including gamification elements, to facilitate bladder health self-management among adults aged 50 years and older. Methods: The search was initiated in July 2024 and updated in January 2025 across three sources: (1) mobile app stores (Google Play Store and Apple App Store available in Spain, Lithuania, and the United Kingdom) using the keywords “pelvic floor,” “urinary incontinence,” and “bladder”; (2) websites; and (3) academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Google Scholar) for journal articles, book chapters, and conference papers published in English, Spanish, or Lithuanian. Inclusion criteria required that solutions be independently usable without health care supervision, incorporate at least one BCT (eg, training, education), be evidence-informed (ie, include participants aged ≥50 years in their design or piloting phase or explicitly target this demographic), and be available in Spain, the United Kingdom, or Lithuania. The Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) was used to assess app quality, and the taxonomy of 93 BCTs was used for BCT classification. All review and data extraction processes were conducted in duplicate. Results: Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria, identifying 8 eligible mobile apps and 1 website. Among the apps, only 2 were available on either Google Play or the Apple App Store. No apps were identified in Lithuania, whereas 1 app was found in Spain and 3 apps in the United Kingdom. Of these, 1 UK app was accessible on both Google Play and the Apple App Store, whereas the others were limited to a single platform. BCT extraction showed that the apps included between 9 and 16 BCTs (mean 12, SD 3.27). Regarding quality, all assessed apps obtained MARS scores ranging from 3 to 4 out of 5. Website searches did not identify any scientifically validated platforms across the 3 countries, except for 1 website cited in a scientific publication. UI reduction on the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire ranged from –3.9 to –2.1 points, while perceived improvement reached 91.7% in the Tät app. Conclusions: Evidence-based digital interventions for individuals aged 50 years and older remain limited. Existing apps suggest potential benefits in UI reduction and quality of life improvement; however, further research and development are needed to enhance accessibility and efficacy.

UNSTRUCTURED Abstract Introduction: Urinary incontinence (UI) is the most prevalent pelvic floor dysfunction, with incidence increasing with age. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of pelvic floor exercises in improving UI and reducing urine leakage. However, access to pelvic floor treatment remains limited due to barriers such as lengthy waiting lists and poor adherence to prescribed exercises. Digital solutions incorporating behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and gamification elements may support self-management of bladder health, particularly for individuals aged 50 and over who may face challenges in accessing conventional treatments. Methods: A rapid review was conducted to identify mobile applications and websites integrating BCTs and gamification elements to facilitate bladder health self-management among adults aged 50 and above. The search was initiated in July 2024 and updated in January 2025 across three sources: (1) mobile app stores (Google Play Store and Apple App Store in Spain, Lithuania, and the United Kingdom (UK)) using the keywords "pelvic floor," "urinary incontinence," and "bladder"; (2) websites (the first 80 results in Google for each country); and (3) academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Google Scholar) for journal articles, book chapters, and conference papers published in English, Spanish, or Lithuanian. Inclusion criteria required that solutions be independently usable without healthcare supervision, incorporate at least one BCT (e.g., training, education, monitoring, prompting), be evidence-informed (i.e., include participants aged ≥50 years in their design or piloting phase or explicitly target this demographic), and be available in Spain, the UK, or Lithuania. The Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) was employed to assess app quality, and the taxonomy of 93 BCTs by Michie et al. was used for BCT classification. All review and data extraction processes were conducted in duplicate. Results: Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria, identifying eight eligible mobile applications and one website. Among the eight apps, only two were available on either Google Play or the Apple App Store. No apps were identified in Lithuania, whereas one was found in Spain and three in the UK. Of these, one UK app was accessible on both Google Play and the Apple App Store, while the others were limited to a single platform. The website search did not identify any scientifically validated platforms across the three countries, except for one website mentioned in a scientific publication. Conclusions: There is a limited availability of evidence-based digital solutions for individuals aged 50 and over. Existing applications suggest potential benefits in UI reduction and quality of life improvement; however, further research and development are needed to enhance accessibility and efficacy. Trial registration: The protocol for this review is registered on PROSPERO (Reference: CRD42024597624)