Understanding the extent of human health risks with an emphasis on carcinogenesis development attributable to potentially toxic chemicals is critical to effective prevention and mitigation strategies. Chromium (Cr), mainly the hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), is a chemical associated with cancer when found in drinking water, making it a major public health issue. This study assessed a possible carcinogenic human health risk among the general population due to exposure to total or hexavalent chromium. We performed a systematic review of the international scientific literature, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol to determine the human risk of cancer mortality and morbidity. In total, 76 articles were checked for eligibility, 13 of which were included in the final systematic review. Only scientific articles from January 2000 to November 2022 published on PubMed were included. Data from both epidemiological ecological studies (Relative Risk and Rate Ratio—RR and Standardized Mortality Rate—SMR) and epidemiological case studies (Lifetime Cancer Risk—LCR, Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk—ILCR, Cancer Risk—CR, Hazard Quotient—HQ, Hazard Index—HI, Health Risk Assessment—HRA, Disability-Adjusted Life Year—DALY, and Chronic Daily Intake Index—CDI) were included for the overall assessment of carcinogenicity in the general population. According to most articles, there is credible evidence that hexavalent chromium via water is indicated as a major contributor to the global burden of cancer in humans. Some of them emphasize malignant neoplasms in the lung, liver, stomach, and genitourinary system. Although the health index data of the case studies are based on a limited number of samples, they raise concerns about the possibility of an increase in the degree of carcinogenesis. However, there are significant limitations due to the lack of information on the dose and duration of exposure in the target group. Further research involving extensive analysis of the association of the two variables is needed, which depends on more complete information extraction and advanced methodologies.

Introduction: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is emerging as a transformative technology in dental practice, promising improved diagnostic accuracy, personalized treatment planning, and workflow optimization. Objective: We aimed at examining knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and practices (KAP) associated with the use of Artificial Intelligence in dentistry. Materials and methods: A comprehensive bibliographic search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Databases included PubMed and Google Scholar, along with official reports from international organizations such as World Health Organization, European Commission, and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Studies published between 2014 and 2025 examining dentists’, dental students’ and patients’ knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to AI were included. Data extraction included study characteristics, populations, AI applications, and key findings. Results: Dental professionals generally demonstrate positive attitudes toward AI and recognize its potential benefits. Knowledge levels were generally reported as moderate across studies. However, many studies report limited confidence in using AI-based tools and express concerns regarding data security, ethical implications, and over-reliance on automated systems. The need for structured training and education in AI applications was consistently highlighted. Conclusion: This scoping review indicates that dentists and dental students demonstrate moderate knowledge, generally positive attitudes, and limited clinical practices regarding Artificial Intelligence. The findings reveal a clear gap between awareness and implementation, primarily driven by insufficient training and practical exposure. Strengthening education and addressing barriers to adoption are essential to support the effective integration of AI in dental practice.