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While there have been numerous studies on the rate and development of clogging in horizontal subsurface treatment wetlands (HSTWs) and, consequently, the effects on its hydraulic characteristics, research has not shown a clear understanding of the processes. The existing methods for measuring the impact of clogging provide limited information on the extension and degree of the phenomenon. This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of various measurement techniques to assess the degree and variation in space and time of clogging in HSTWs. Hydraulic conductivity at saturation (Ks) measurements were conducted using a newly implemented scheme, the drainage equation method, and traditional tracer tests, which were carried out in a full-scale HSTW system, located in Sicily, Italy, during 2019. After five years of operation, the results highlighted a severe decrease in Ks (−1) in the inlet zone (despite the fact that the filter gravel was replaced in 2017), a very high reduction of Ks along the central path inside the bed, a nonuniform flow through the HSTW, the presence of stagnant zones, and a reduction of the porosity of the bed gravel. Nonetheless, the mean values of the physical–chemical and bacteriological parameters at the hybrid treatment wetland (hybrid TW) outlet indicated that the partial clogging had no significant effect on the quality of the discharged water. Moreover, the results obtained using the different measurement techniques (in terms of both the Ks values and the flow distribution inside the bed) were consistent with each other and with results obtained previously for the same system. Finally, the most efficient combination of methods to assess clogging in HSTWs was identified.
Feliciana Licciardello; Alessandro Sacco; Salvatore Barbagallo; Delia Ventura; Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli. Evaluation of Different Methods to Assess the Hydraulic Behavior in Horizontal Treatment Wetlands. Water 2020, 12, 2286 .
AMA StyleFeliciana Licciardello, Alessandro Sacco, Salvatore Barbagallo, Delia Ventura, Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli. Evaluation of Different Methods to Assess the Hydraulic Behavior in Horizontal Treatment Wetlands. Water. 2020; 12 (8):2286.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeliciana Licciardello; Alessandro Sacco; Salvatore Barbagallo; Delia Ventura; Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli. 2020. "Evaluation of Different Methods to Assess the Hydraulic Behavior in Horizontal Treatment Wetlands." Water 12, no. 8: 2286.
Decentralized water treatment facilities (DWFTs) have been described as one of the best practices (BMPs) for promoting effective water management programs in the framework of the circular economy, with the aim to easy the exploitation of freshwater supply. In many Mediterranean regions, wastewater (WW) reuse practice is still struggling for being accepted and it’s clearly affected by legislation gaps and discrepancy among national and European perspectives. This work mainly investigates some issues related to stormwater and conventional WW reuse feasibility for green areas irrigation, after being treated by a pilot hybrid constructed wetland (H-CW) in Mediterranean climate. Experimental results are promising and suggest as viable the reclaimed water use in green area irrigation. Nevertheless, at the light of the EU guidelines proposal, the effluent water quality hereby reported fulfilled the minimum requirements for the intended use above mentioned, but did not fully comply the stringent Italian standards.
Delia Ventura; Salvatore Barbagallo; Simona Consoli; Mirco Milani; Alessandro Sacco; Ruggero Rapisarda; Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli. On the Performance of a Novel Hybrid Constructed Wetland for Stormwater Treatment and Irrigation Reuse in Mediterranean Climate. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 2020, 151 -159.
AMA StyleDelia Ventura, Salvatore Barbagallo, Simona Consoli, Mirco Milani, Alessandro Sacco, Ruggero Rapisarda, Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli. On the Performance of a Novel Hybrid Constructed Wetland for Stormwater Treatment and Irrigation Reuse in Mediterranean Climate. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. 2020; ():151-159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelia Ventura; Salvatore Barbagallo; Simona Consoli; Mirco Milani; Alessandro Sacco; Ruggero Rapisarda; Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli. 2020. "On the Performance of a Novel Hybrid Constructed Wetland for Stormwater Treatment and Irrigation Reuse in Mediterranean Climate." Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering , no. : 151-159.
This paper presents the results of an experiment carried out in Southern Italy (Sicily) on the estimation evapotranspiration (ET) in pilot constructed wetlands planted with different species (Chrysopogon zizanioides, Myscanthus x giganteus, Arundo donax, Phragmites australis, and Cyperus papyrus). In the two monitored growing seasons, reference ET0 was calculated with the Penman-Monteith formula, while actual ET and crop coefficients were measured through a water balance and the FAO 56 approach, respectively. The highest average seasonal ET value was observed in Phragmites australis (17.31 mm d−1) followed by Arundo donax (11.23 mm day−1) Chrysopogon zizanioides (8.56 mm day−1), Cyperus papyrus (7.86 mm day−1), and Myscanthus x giganteus (7.35 mm day−1). For all plants, crop coefficient values showed different patterns in relation to growth stages and were strongly correlated with phenological parameters. Myscanthus x giganteus and Arundo donax showed a water use efficiency values significantly higher than those observed for the other tested species. Results of this study may contribute to select appropriate plant species for constructed wetlands located in semi-arid regions, especially when the use of reclaimed water and/or the use of aboveground biomass are planned.
Mirco Milani; Alessia Marzo; Attilio Toscano; Simona Consoli; Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli; Delia Ventura; Salvatore Barbagallo. Evapotranspiration from Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Planted with Different Perennial Plant Species. Water 2019, 11, 2159 .
AMA StyleMirco Milani, Alessia Marzo, Attilio Toscano, Simona Consoli, Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli, Delia Ventura, Salvatore Barbagallo. Evapotranspiration from Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Planted with Different Perennial Plant Species. Water. 2019; 11 (10):2159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirco Milani; Alessia Marzo; Attilio Toscano; Simona Consoli; Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli; Delia Ventura; Salvatore Barbagallo. 2019. "Evapotranspiration from Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Planted with Different Perennial Plant Species." Water 11, no. 10: 2159.
The overall efficiency of a pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland (H-CW), located on a retail store's parking area in Eastern Sicily, for alternative treatment of stormwater runoff and of sequential batch reactor (SBR) effluent was evaluated. Experimental activities were focused on system performances, including wastewater (WW) quality and hydraulic monitoring. System design, macrophyte growth and seasonal factors influenced the pilot plant performance. Very high removal efficiency for microbial indicators were reported within the subsurface horizontal flow unit (HF), playing a strategic role for Clostridium perfringens. The algal growth occurred in the free water surface (FWS) unit and inhibited removal efficiencies of total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), impairing water quality. The whole H-CW showed good efficiency in trace metals removal, especially for Pb, Zn, and Cu. Preliminary results suggested the reliability of the H-CW technology in decentralised water treatment facilities for enhancing water recovery and reuse.
D. Ventura; S. Barbagallo; S. Consoli; M. Ferrante; Mirco Milani; Feliciana Licciardello; G. L. Cirelli. On the performance of a pilot hybrid constructed wetland for stormwater recovery in Mediterranean climate. Water Science and Technology 2019, 79, 1051 -1059.
AMA StyleD. Ventura, S. Barbagallo, S. Consoli, M. Ferrante, Mirco Milani, Feliciana Licciardello, G. L. Cirelli. On the performance of a pilot hybrid constructed wetland for stormwater recovery in Mediterranean climate. Water Science and Technology. 2019; 79 (6):1051-1059.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Ventura; S. Barbagallo; S. Consoli; M. Ferrante; Mirco Milani; Feliciana Licciardello; G. L. Cirelli. 2019. "On the performance of a pilot hybrid constructed wetland for stormwater recovery in Mediterranean climate." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 6: 1051-1059.
This study reports an up-to-date summary of the principal barriers still limiting reclaimed water use for agriculture in Italy, and particularly in Sicily. Moreover, it provides a geographic informative system (GIS)-based procedure for evaluating the potential treated wastewater (TW) reuse in the Sicilian region as a decision support system for its management. The survey, based on possible economic, morphologic, and design solutions, evidenced a feasible integration of several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with irrigation areas, allowing the water availability enhancement. Overall, the potential volume of TW by WWTPs (connected to irrigation districts) is 163 × 106 m3 year−1, while the water deficit is 66 × 106 m3 year−1. The feasibility of TW reuse in Sicily was also analysed at the light of the World Health Organization microbial risk assessment. Escherichia coli (E. coli) analyses mostly accomplished these guidelines while conflicting with the restrictive Italian standards. Despite several limiting factors (restrictive legislations, high distance and unfavourable slope between WWTPs and irrigable areas, high monitoring and distribution costs) still hamper the exploitation of reclaimed water use in Sicilian agriculture, some solutions were identified to implement this practice.
Delia Ventura; Simona Consoli; Salvatore Barbagallo; Alessia Marzo; Daniela Vanella; Feliciana Licciardello; Giuseppe L. Cirelli. How to Overcome Barriers for Wastewater Agricultural Reuse in Sicily (Italy)? Water 2019, 11, 335 .
AMA StyleDelia Ventura, Simona Consoli, Salvatore Barbagallo, Alessia Marzo, Daniela Vanella, Feliciana Licciardello, Giuseppe L. Cirelli. How to Overcome Barriers for Wastewater Agricultural Reuse in Sicily (Italy)? Water. 2019; 11 (2):335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelia Ventura; Simona Consoli; Salvatore Barbagallo; Alessia Marzo; Daniela Vanella; Feliciana Licciardello; Giuseppe L. Cirelli. 2019. "How to Overcome Barriers for Wastewater Agricultural Reuse in Sicily (Italy)?" Water 11, no. 2: 335.
This study aims at defining a methodology to evaluate Ks reductions of gravel material constituting constructed wetland (CW) bed matrices. Several schemes and equations for the Lefranc's test were compared by using different gravel sizes and at multiple spatial scales. The falling-head test method was implemented by using two steel permeameters: one impervious (IMP) and one pervious (P) on one side. At laboratory scale, mean K values for a small size gravel (8–15 × 10−2 m) measured by the IMP and the P permeameters were equal to 19,466 m/d and 30,662 m/d, respectively. Mean Ks values for a big size gravel (10–25 × 10−2 m) measured by the IMP and the P permeameters were equal to 12,135 m/d and 20,866 m/d, respectively. Comparison of Ks values obtained by the two permeameters at laboratory scale as well as a sensitivity analysis and a calibration, lead to the modification of the standpipe equation, to evaluate also the temporal variation of the horizontal Ks. In particular, both permeameters allow the evaluation of the Ks decreasing after 4 years-operation and 1–1.5 years' operation of the plants at full scale (filled with the small size gravel) and at pilot scale (filled with the big size gravel), respectively.
Feliciana Licciardello; R. Aiello; Vincenzo Alagna; M. Iovino; Delia Ventura; G. L. Cirelli. Assessment of clogging in constructed wetlands by saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements. Water Science and Technology 2019, 79, 314 -322.
AMA StyleFeliciana Licciardello, R. Aiello, Vincenzo Alagna, M. Iovino, Delia Ventura, G. L. Cirelli. Assessment of clogging in constructed wetlands by saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements. Water Science and Technology. 2019; 79 (2):314-322.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeliciana Licciardello; R. Aiello; Vincenzo Alagna; M. Iovino; Delia Ventura; G. L. Cirelli. 2019. "Assessment of clogging in constructed wetlands by saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 2: 314-322.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the hydraulic behavior of a horizontal subsurface wetland (HF), that is part of the hybrid wetland (hybrid-TW) of the IKEA® store in Eastern Sicily (Italy), influences the overall wastewater treatment performance. The HF unit experiences frequent overloading peaks due to the extreme variability in the number of visitors at the store, and after 2 years of operation it showed signals of partial clogging at the inlet area. The hydraulics of the HF unit has been monitored through measurements of hydraulic conductivity at saturation (Ks), tracer tests, and geophysical (i.e. electrical resistivity tomography—ERT) measurements carried out during the years 2016 and 2017. Results indicated a general good agreement between the performed measurement techniques, thus their combination, if adequately performed and calibrated, might be a reliable tool for detecting those wetland areas mainly affected by clogging conditions. The results also indicated that partial clogging had no significant effect on the quality of the discharged water.
A. Marzo; D. Ventura; G.L. Cirelli; R. Aiello; Daniela Vanella; R. Rapisarda; S. Barbagallo; S. Consoli. Hydraulic reliability of a horizontal wetland for wastewater treatment in Sicily. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 636, 94 -106.
AMA StyleA. Marzo, D. Ventura, G.L. Cirelli, R. Aiello, Daniela Vanella, R. Rapisarda, S. Barbagallo, S. Consoli. Hydraulic reliability of a horizontal wetland for wastewater treatment in Sicily. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 636 ():94-106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Marzo; D. Ventura; G.L. Cirelli; R. Aiello; Daniela Vanella; R. Rapisarda; S. Barbagallo; S. Consoli. 2018. "Hydraulic reliability of a horizontal wetland for wastewater treatment in Sicily." Science of The Total Environment 636, no. : 94-106.