Background: Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) has high relapse rates and poor response to various therapies. This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy of various therapies for RR-PTCL, including Epigenetic modifiers (HDIs, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, EZH1/2 inhibitors), Small molecule inhibitors (targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, ALK, aurora kinase, farnesyl transferase), Combination therapies (various multi-class drug combinations), Pralatrexate-based regimens, monoclonal antibodies (e.g., Pembrolizumab, Alemtuzumab, Zanolimumab, etc.) and Others (Acimtamig, CAR T-cell therapy, etc.). Aims: To evaluate pooled efficacy outcomes across therapeutic categories in relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (RR-PTCL) by assessing overall response rate (ORR), complete response (CR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS), including analyses within major histologic subtypes. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library using MeSH terms for studies on RR PTCL. Eligible clinical trials reported at least one efficacy outcome. All statistical analysis was conducted using R (v4.5.3). Meta-analysis was performed to assess ORR and CR of each treatment. PFS and OS were summarized using weighted median survival estimates derived from the included studies and presented descriptively in forest plots. Formal pooled time-to-event meta-analysis was not performed. Subgroup analysis was done across PTCL-NOS, ALCL (ALK-), and AITL patient groups. Results: The study included 68 clinical trials, revealing significant influences of treatment type on both ORR (QM (df = 6) = 37.6, p < 0.001) and CR (QM (df = 6) = 36.7, p < 0.001). It demonstrated an overall ORR of 39.57% (95% CI: 0.36–0.43, p < 0.0001). Subgroup analyses for ORR with each treatment showed the highest rates with Combination therapies at 57.4% (95% CI: 0.50–0.65, p < 0.001), followed by Small molecule inhibitors (SMI) at 39.91% (p < 0.0001), Pralatrexate-based regimens at 39.5% (p < 0.001), Epigenetic modifiers at 39.1% (p < 0.001), Others at 34.7% (p < 0.001) and Monoclonal Antibodies showing the lowest at 31.9% (p < 0.0001). The pooled CR rate was 16.59% (95% CI: 0.14–0.19, p < 0.0001), with Combination therapies again leading at 32.0% (95% CI: 0.24–0.40, p < 0.001), followed by SMIs at 19.02%, Epigenetic modifiers at 16.0%, monoclonal antibodies at 11.6%, Pralatrexate-based regimens at 10.1%, and Others at 9.5% (all p < 0.001). Forest plots showed a pooled median OS of 14.6 months, highest with SMIs (17.9), followed by Pralatrexate (14.5), Combination therapies (14.4), Others (13.8), monoclonal antibodies (12.72), and Epigenetic modifiers (11.3). The pooled PFS was 4.18 months, led by Combination therapies (5.6), followed by Epigenetic modifiers (4), SMIs and Pralatrexate (3.5), Others (3.5), and monoclonal antibodies (2.7). Analysis by histological subtype, among PTCL-NOS and AITL subgroups, Combination Therapies showed highest ORR of 52.8% and 74.9% (both p < 0.001) respectively. Similar to ORR, in both subgroups, the highest incidence of CR was seen with Combination Therapy as 18.6% (95% CI: 0.082–0.29, p < 0.001) and 51.9% (95% CI: 0.31–0.73, p < 0.001). In ALCL (ALK-negative), pralatrexate-related regimens showed the highest ORR (56.44%, p = 0.0015), whereas therapeutic antibodies showed the highest CR (53.07%, p = 0.019). Conclusions: This analysis found that combination therapies demonstrated the highest pooled response rates, while small-molecule inhibitor and pralatrexate-based regimens were associated with the longest reported survival outcomes. The observed differences across therapeutic categories are descriptive and hypothesis-generating and warrant confirmation in prospective comparative studies. Despite recent therapeutic advances, outcomes in RR-PTCL remain suboptimal and novel treatment strategies continue to be needed.

Background Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a potentially serious complication of intravenous or intra-arterial contrast administration during angiographic procedures that results in renal dysfunction. This meta-analysis assesses the efficacy and safety of nicorandil for the prevention of CIN in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary angiography (CAG). Methods Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov were used to perform a thorough literature search from their inception to July 2024. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on RevMan and pooled estimates were presented as forest plots. The Mantel-Haenszel method was used for dichotomous outcomes and risk ratios (RRs) were calculated along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results This meta-analysis included 12 RCTs consisting of 2787 participants (nicorandil: 1418, control: 1394). The use of nicorandil was protective against CIN (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.29-0.50). The incidence of major adverse events was comparable in both groups (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.52-1.13, p=0.18). Similarly, the use of nicorandil did not affect the risk of developing stroke (RR 1.05), myocardial infarction (RR 0.90), heart failure (RR 0.81), cardiac death (RR 0.90), and dialysis (RR 0.70). Conclusion This study revealed that nicorandil effectively reduced the risk of developing CIN in patients undergoing angiographic procedures like PCI or coronary angiography. However, more RCTs should be conducted for a more definitive conclusion.