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Pingyu Zhang
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130102, China

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Journal article
Published: 25 August 2021 in Land Use Policy
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The optimization of rural land-use through land consolidation has become an indispensable part of reform in China, significantly impacting rural settlements and their residents. Given the growing social problems due to land consolidation, this study proposes a new land consolidation approach that involves helping rural residents relocate from small settlements to vacant properties in large settlements through a homestead exchange mechanism. We argue that this targeted approach can achieve land-use optimization, without the negative impacts of the conventional approach to land consolidation. To evaluate our idea empirically, we conducted a case study in Jilin Province. The simulation estimated that our approach could increase the effective amount of arable land by 1046.66 km2 and the average size of rural settlements by 51.9%, while decreasing the number of rural settlements by 44.6%. Therefore, our approach can achieve the objective of land-use optimization, despite the highly complex context and varying degrees of rural fragmentation and hollowing.

ACS Style

Jing Li; Kevin Lo; Pingyu Zhang; Meng Guo. Reclaiming small to fill large: A novel approach to rural residential land consolidation in China. Land Use Policy 2021, 109, 105706 .

AMA Style

Jing Li, Kevin Lo, Pingyu Zhang, Meng Guo. Reclaiming small to fill large: A novel approach to rural residential land consolidation in China. Land Use Policy. 2021; 109 ():105706.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Li; Kevin Lo; Pingyu Zhang; Meng Guo. 2021. "Reclaiming small to fill large: A novel approach to rural residential land consolidation in China." Land Use Policy 109, no. : 105706.

Journal article
Published: 14 April 2020 in Land
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The Chinese government has pursued rural land consolidation under the Building New Rural Communities (BNRC) initiative. The consolidation projects aim to address the hollowing village problem, improve the living standards of rural dwellers, and promote urban-rural integration. Rural villages with small populations and poor infrastructure are merged into a centralized rural community, and their inhabitants are resettled. The newly vacated buildings are then converted to agriculture land, which allows cities to expand under the “no net loss” land-use policy. Despite the significance of the initiative, both in terms of the scale of operation and the impacts on the affected households, there are few empirical studies that scrutinize this form of rural restructuring. Drawing on data collected via surveys and interviews, this paper examines the processes of land consolidation and its impacts on villagers. From a development-as-modernization perspective, we outline three main processes of land consolidation: village mergers and resettlement, land circulation to rural cooperatives, and rural industrial development. Overall, the effects of land consolidation on the livelihood of resettled villagers are positive. This system generally improves housing and living conditions through increased levels of off-farm employment and income, but there are a number of barriers that may hinder a villager’s ability to find different employment. Housing and neighborhood characteristics have significant effects on the life satisfaction of villagers.

ACS Style

Weiming Tong; Kevin Lo; Pingyu Zhang. Land Consolidation in Rural China: Life Satisfaction among Resettlers and Its Determinants. Land 2020, 9, 118 .

AMA Style

Weiming Tong, Kevin Lo, Pingyu Zhang. Land Consolidation in Rural China: Life Satisfaction among Resettlers and Its Determinants. Land. 2020; 9 (4):118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weiming Tong; Kevin Lo; Pingyu Zhang. 2020. "Land Consolidation in Rural China: Life Satisfaction among Resettlers and Its Determinants." Land 9, no. 4: 118.

Article
Published: 09 January 2020 in Chinese Geographical Science
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The economic transformation of the old industrial bases is a key research topic among geographers in China. In this paper, we propose that the concept of regional economic resilience (RER) has unique theoretical value in analyzing the economic transformation of the old industrial bases. We constructed an analytical framework and an index system and applied the conceptual tools to study the evolution of RER in the old industrial base of Liaoning Province in China, which is currently subjected to not only sudden shocks but ‘slow burn’—longer term processes of change that may nevertheless affect the regional economy. There are four main findings: first, the evolution of RER in Liaoning can be divided into four stages from 2000 to 2015. Liaoning is currently in its conservation-release period, and the next stage will be a release-reorganization period. Second, the RER of the majority of the studied cities is lower than the average value for Liaoning, and this is mainly attributed to the relatively weak vulnerability-resistance and adaptability-transformation capacity of these cities. Third, the RER levels of the 14 cities in Liaoning differ significantly. At the first level is Shenyang and Dalian, at the second level is Dandong and Yingkou, and the third level comprises the remaining cities. Fourth, regional economic resilience is mainly determined by vulnerability-resistance, which indirectly reflects Liaoning’s lack of adaptability-transformation capacity, and the ability of the region to renew or create a new development path is weak.

ACS Style

Liangang Li; Pingyu Zhang; Kevin Lo; Wenxin Liu; Jing Li. The Evolution of Regional Economic Resilience in the Old Industrial Bases in China: A Case Study of Liaoning Province, China. Chinese Geographical Science 2020, 30, 340 -351.

AMA Style

Liangang Li, Pingyu Zhang, Kevin Lo, Wenxin Liu, Jing Li. The Evolution of Regional Economic Resilience in the Old Industrial Bases in China: A Case Study of Liaoning Province, China. Chinese Geographical Science. 2020; 30 (2):340-351.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liangang Li; Pingyu Zhang; Kevin Lo; Wenxin Liu; Jing Li. 2020. "The Evolution of Regional Economic Resilience in the Old Industrial Bases in China: A Case Study of Liaoning Province, China." Chinese Geographical Science 30, no. 2: 340-351.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Agriculture
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Under the threat of food insecurity, the Chinese government has created plans and policies to stimulate soybean production. Despite government efforts to stimulate production, based on predictions, planned targets for soybean production are unlikely. Consequently, the predictions raise questions about farmers’ intentions to increase soybean cultivating area. In other words, farmers may not be willing to increase soybean. However, few researchers have studied soybean farmers’ intention and behavior. With these concerns in mind, this study analyzed the intention and factors that influence farmers' choice of increasing soybean production as well as evaluating the differences in the decision making between commercial and subsistence farmers. This study collected data from 155 randomly selected families in 23 villages in the major soybean area in Heilongjiang Province. Results showed that 42.6% of the farmers expressed that they would expand soybean planting area, while the rest would insist on previous planting habits. The capacity to increase soybean production confronted many constraints. Farmers’ age, farm income, land topography, and ease of selling all positively influence farmers’ behavior. A significant difference in decision making between subsistence and commercial farmers was found. Subsistence farmers were more affected by land topography, agricultural insurance status, and satisfaction of soybean subsidies, whereas commercial farmers were more affected by farming experience and farm income. As a result, soybean policies should focus on increasing farmers' income, promoting large-scale planting, training young farmers, innovation of agricultural insurance, and strengthening construction of agricultural infrastructure.

ACS Style

Shiwei Liu; Pingyu Zhang; Ben Marley. The Factors Affecting Farmers’ Soybean Planting Behavior in Heilongjiang Province, China. Agriculture 2019, 9, 188 .

AMA Style

Shiwei Liu, Pingyu Zhang, Ben Marley. The Factors Affecting Farmers’ Soybean Planting Behavior in Heilongjiang Province, China. Agriculture. 2019; 9 (9):188.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shiwei Liu; Pingyu Zhang; Ben Marley. 2019. "The Factors Affecting Farmers’ Soybean Planting Behavior in Heilongjiang Province, China." Agriculture 9, no. 9: 188.

Article
Published: 03 July 2019 in Chinese Geographical Science
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Under the background of ‘the Belt and Road’ initiative, the economic cooperation has great potential between China and Russia. The railway accessibility has an important influence on the economic connections of cities along the railway line. This paper studied the Sino-Russian transnational economic connection based on the railway class accessibility along Trans-Siberian railway (the transnational China railway branch line). The results are as following. First, the railway accessibility of the Chinese nodes is stronger than that of the Russian nodes, which in general displays a tendency of space attenuation from China to the Sino-Russian border, then to Russia. Spatially, the railway accessibility within the study area shows a ‘High East, Low West’ and ‘High South, Low North’ spatial pattern. The railway accessibility of the nodes, which are located at the beginning and end of the railway line, is weaker than those nodes located in the middle of the line. Second, the railway accessibility and external economic connection intensity summation of the nodes show a positive relationship along the railway line. The economic connection intensity summation of different nodes presents obvious regional differentiation. Finally, as economic connection network has evolved, the small world effect of Sino-Russian railway economic connection network becomes strong.

ACS Style

Nanchen Chu; Pingyu Zhang; He Li. Transnational Economic Connection Analysis Based on Railway Class Accessibility Between China and Russia. Chinese Geographical Science 2019, 29, 872 -886.

AMA Style

Nanchen Chu, Pingyu Zhang, He Li. Transnational Economic Connection Analysis Based on Railway Class Accessibility Between China and Russia. Chinese Geographical Science. 2019; 29 (5):872-886.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nanchen Chu; Pingyu Zhang; He Li. 2019. "Transnational Economic Connection Analysis Based on Railway Class Accessibility Between China and Russia." Chinese Geographical Science 29, no. 5: 872-886.

Article
Published: 06 September 2018 in Chinese Geographical Science
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High PM2.5 concentrations and frequent air pollution episodes during late autumn and winter in Jilin Province have attracted attention in recent years. To describe the spatial and temporal variations of PM2.5 concentrations and identify the decisive influencing factors, a large amount of continuous daily PM2.5 concentration data collected from 33 monitoring stations over 2-year period from 2015 to 2016 were analyzed. Meanwhile, the relationships were investigated between PM2.5 concentrations and the land cover, socioeconomic and meteorological factors from the macroscopic perspective using multiple linear regressions (MLR) approach. PM2.5 concentrations across Jilin Province averaged 49 μg/m3, nearly 1.5 times of the Chinese annual average standard, and exhibited seasonal patterns with generally higher levels during late autumn and over the long winter than the other seasons. Jilin Province could be divided into three kinds of sub-regions according to 2-year average PM2.5 concentration of each city. Most of the spatial variation in PM2.5 levels could be explained by forest land area, cultivated land area, urban greening rate, coal consumption and soot emissions of cement manufacturing. In addition, daily PM2.5 concentrations had negative correlation with daily precipitation and positive correlation with air pressure for each city, and the spread and dilution effect of wind speed on PM2.5 was more obvious at mountainous area in Jilin Province. These results indicated that coal consumption, cement manufacturing and straw burning were the most important emission sources for the high PM2.5 levels, while afforestation and urban greening could mitigate particulate air pollution. Meanwhile, the individual meteorological factors such as precipitation, air pressure, wind speed and temperature could influence local PM2.5 concentration indirectly.

ACS Style

Xin Wen; Pingyu Zhang; DaQian Liu. Spatiotemporal Variations and Influencing Factors Analysis of PM2.5 Concentrations in Jilin Province, Northeast China. Chinese Geographical Science 2018, 28, 810 -822.

AMA Style

Xin Wen, Pingyu Zhang, DaQian Liu. Spatiotemporal Variations and Influencing Factors Analysis of PM2.5 Concentrations in Jilin Province, Northeast China. Chinese Geographical Science. 2018; 28 (5):810-822.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xin Wen; Pingyu Zhang; DaQian Liu. 2018. "Spatiotemporal Variations and Influencing Factors Analysis of PM2.5 Concentrations in Jilin Province, Northeast China." Chinese Geographical Science 28, no. 5: 810-822.

Journal article
Published: 30 November 2017 in Sustainability
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This paper quantitatively analyzes the economic resilience of resource-based cities (RBCs) in Northeast China in terms of resistance and recoverability during two economic crises: the Asian financial crisis and the global financial crisis. Moreover, it analyzes the main factors that affected regional resilience. There are three main findings. First, the RBCs in general demonstrated poor resistance during both recessions, but there were variations among the different types of RBCs. Petroleum and metal cities demonstrated the most resistance, whereas coal cities performed the worst. Second, the influential factors affecting economic resilience varied across the two economic cycles, but location advantage, research and development (R and D) intensity, foreign trade dependence ratio, and supporting policies had positive effects on resilience during both economic cycles, while the proportion of employed persons in resource industries had a negative effect. Industrial diversity had a weak and ambiguous effect on resilience. Third, the secondary industry was more resilient during the Asian financial crisis, but the tertiary industry was more resilient during the global financial crisis. This shift may be attributed to both the nature of the crises and the strength of the sectors at the time of the crises.

ACS Style

Juntao Tan; Kevin Lo; Fangdao Qiu; Wenxin Liu; Jing Li; Pingyu Zhang. Regional Economic Resilience: Resistance and Recoverability of Resource-Based Cities during Economic Crises in Northeast China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2136 .

AMA Style

Juntao Tan, Kevin Lo, Fangdao Qiu, Wenxin Liu, Jing Li, Pingyu Zhang. Regional Economic Resilience: Resistance and Recoverability of Resource-Based Cities during Economic Crises in Northeast China. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (12):2136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juntao Tan; Kevin Lo; Fangdao Qiu; Wenxin Liu; Jing Li; Pingyu Zhang. 2017. "Regional Economic Resilience: Resistance and Recoverability of Resource-Based Cities during Economic Crises in Northeast China." Sustainability 9, no. 12: 2136.

Article
Published: 25 June 2017 in Chinese Geographical Science
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This paper develops a conceptual model and an indicator system for measuring economic resilience of resource-based cities based on the theory of evolutionary resilience and the related concepts of persistence, adaptation, and transformation. Nineteen resource- based cities in Northeast China were analyzed using the indicator system. The results showed that Liaoning and Jilin provinces had higher economic resilience than Heilongjiang Province. Panjin, Benxi, and Anshan in Liaoning Province were the top three cities, while Shuangyashan and other coal-based cities in Heilongjiang Province ranked last. Metals- and petroleum-based cities had significantly higher resilience than coal-based cities. The differences in persistence, adaptability, transformation, and resilience among resource-based cities decreased since the introduction of the Northeast Revitalization Strategy in 2003. Forestry-based cities improved the most in terms of resilience, followed by metals-based and multiple-resource cities; however, resilience dropped for coal-based cities, and petroleum-based cities falling the most. The findings illustrate the importance and the way to develop a differentiated approach to improve resilience among resource-based cities.

ACS Style

Juntao Tan; Pingyu Zhang; Kevin Lo; Jing Li; Shiwei Liu. Conceptualizing and measuring economic resilience of resource-based cities: Case study of Northeast China. Chinese Geographical Science 2017, 27, 471 -481.

AMA Style

Juntao Tan, Pingyu Zhang, Kevin Lo, Jing Li, Shiwei Liu. Conceptualizing and measuring economic resilience of resource-based cities: Case study of Northeast China. Chinese Geographical Science. 2017; 27 (3):471-481.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juntao Tan; Pingyu Zhang; Kevin Lo; Jing Li; Shiwei Liu. 2017. "Conceptualizing and measuring economic resilience of resource-based cities: Case study of Northeast China." Chinese Geographical Science 27, no. 3: 471-481.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2017 in Geographical Research
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Land appropriation and subsequent resettlement of rural inhabitants are central to urbanisation in China. Often, the result is the impoverishment of landless farmers, who are a principal source of social unrest in the country. In the literature, landless farmers are often wrongly assumed to be a homogeneous group. In contrast, this paper presents the age-differentiated experiences of land appropriation and resettlement among farmers. Using the case study of Xinghua village in China, with data collected via surveys and interviews, we show that even within a single community, there can be significant age-related differences in terms of compensation, livelihood changes, income, living conditions, and satisfaction. Older farmers tend to receive more compensation, and the negative impact of land appropriation is felt most acutely by middle-aged farmers. Viewed from a broader theoretical perspective, this study demonstrates the importance of understanding the impact of land appropriation and resettlement and shows how this impact is distributed unevenly across the affected communities.

ACS Style

Weiming Tong; Pingyu Zhang; Kevin Lo; Tiantian Chen; Ran Gao. Age-differentiated impact of land appropriation and resettlement on landless farmers: a case study of Xinghua village, China. Geographical Research 2017, 55, 293 -304.

AMA Style

Weiming Tong, Pingyu Zhang, Kevin Lo, Tiantian Chen, Ran Gao. Age-differentiated impact of land appropriation and resettlement on landless farmers: a case study of Xinghua village, China. Geographical Research. 2017; 55 (3):293-304.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weiming Tong; Pingyu Zhang; Kevin Lo; Tiantian Chen; Ran Gao. 2017. "Age-differentiated impact of land appropriation and resettlement on landless farmers: a case study of Xinghua village, China." Geographical Research 55, no. 3: 293-304.

Journal article
Published: 13 October 2016 in Sustainability
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Resource-based cities face unique challenges when undergoing urban transitions because their non-renewable resources will eventually be exhausted. In this article, we introduce a new method of evaluating the urban transition performance of resource-based cities from economic, social and eco-environmental perspectives. A total of 19 resource-based cities in Northeast China are studied from 2003 to 2012. The results show that resource-based cities in Jilin and Liaoning provinces performed better than those in Heilongjiang province. Liaoyuan, Songyuan and Baishan were ranked as the top three resource-based cities; and Jixi, Yichun and Heihe were ranked last. Multi-resource and petroleum resource-based cities performed better than coal and forestry resource-based cities. We also analyzed the factors influencing urban transition performance using the method of the geographic detector. We found that capital input, road density and location advantage had the greatest effects on urban transition performance, followed by urban scale, remaining resources and the level of sustainable development; supporting policies and labor input had the smallest effects. Based on these insights, we have formulated several recommendations to facilitate urban transitions in China’s resource-based cities.

ACS Style

Juntao Tan; Pingyu Zhang; Kevin Lo; Jing Li; Shiwei Liu. The Urban Transition Performance of Resource-Based Cities in Northeast China. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1022 .

AMA Style

Juntao Tan, Pingyu Zhang, Kevin Lo, Jing Li, Shiwei Liu. The Urban Transition Performance of Resource-Based Cities in Northeast China. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (10):1022.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juntao Tan; Pingyu Zhang; Kevin Lo; Jing Li; Shiwei Liu. 2016. "The Urban Transition Performance of Resource-Based Cities in Northeast China." Sustainability 8, no. 10: 1022.

Journal article
Published: 22 September 2016 in Energies
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Current literature highlights the role of commercial centers in cities in generating shopping trips and transport carbon emissions. However, the influence of the characteristics of commercial centers on consumer travel behavior and transport carbon emissions is not well understood. This study addresses this knowledge gap by examining shopping trips to eight commercial centers in Shenyang, China, and the CO2 emissions of these trips. We found that the locations and types of commercial centers strongly influence CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions per trip to commercial centers in the suburbs of Shenyang were on average 6.94% and 26.92% higher than those to commercial centers in the urban core and the inner city, respectively. CO2 emissions induced by wholesale centers were nearly three times higher than the lowest CO2 emissions of commercial centers in the inner city. These empirical results enhance our understanding of shopping-related transport carbon emissions and highlight the importance of optimizing urban space structure, in particular, the layout of commercial centers.

ACS Style

Jing Li; Kevin Lo; Pingyu Zhang; Meng Guo. Consumer Travel Behaviors and Transport Carbon Emissions: A Comparative Study of Commercial Centers in Shenyang, China. Energies 2016, 9, 765 .

AMA Style

Jing Li, Kevin Lo, Pingyu Zhang, Meng Guo. Consumer Travel Behaviors and Transport Carbon Emissions: A Comparative Study of Commercial Centers in Shenyang, China. Energies. 2016; 9 (10):765.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Li; Kevin Lo; Pingyu Zhang; Meng Guo. 2016. "Consumer Travel Behaviors and Transport Carbon Emissions: A Comparative Study of Commercial Centers in Shenyang, China." Energies 9, no. 10: 765.

Journal article
Published: 18 July 2016 in Energies
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While previous studies have examined China’s changing industrial energy consumption at the national level, this study argues that it is more useful, from a policy standpoint, to conduct a regional-level analysis owing to the significant regional disparity in industrialisation in the country. This study focuses particularly on Northeast China, where the implementation of the Northeast Revitalisation Strategy in 2003 has contributed to rapid reindustrialisation, which has a serious implication for industrial energy consumption. We decompose the region’s energy consumption changes into activity, structure, and intensity effects. Our results show that the intensity effect is not the only negative factor impacting industrial energy consumption during 2003–2012. The structure effect also has a negative impact on industrial energy consumption between 2005 and 2012. However, the negative impact of the two factors is weakening and not strong enough to counter the positive impact of the activity effect. This result highlights the problem of uncoordinated policy-making in Northeast China. The development strategy, which still depends highly on traditional heavy industries, is in conflict with the national strategy of energy conservation. The two conflicting objectives of industrial revitalization and energy conservation must be reconciled for sustainability in the long term. The study concludes with policy recommendations on how to achieve such reconciliation.

ACS Style

He Li; Kevin Lo; Mark Wang; Pingyu Zhang; Longyi Xue. Industrial Energy Consumption in Northeast China under the Revitalisation Strategy: A Decomposition and Policy Analysis. Energies 2016, 9, 549 .

AMA Style

He Li, Kevin Lo, Mark Wang, Pingyu Zhang, Longyi Xue. Industrial Energy Consumption in Northeast China under the Revitalisation Strategy: A Decomposition and Policy Analysis. Energies. 2016; 9 (7):549.

Chicago/Turabian Style

He Li; Kevin Lo; Mark Wang; Pingyu Zhang; Longyi Xue. 2016. "Industrial Energy Consumption in Northeast China under the Revitalisation Strategy: A Decomposition and Policy Analysis." Energies 9, no. 7: 549.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2016 in Journal of Geographical Sciences
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Sustainable urbanization is not only an important research topic in the field of urbanization, but also the development direction of new-type urbanization. In this paper, we construct an index system to evaluate sustainable urbanization potential with the entropy method. Results show that potential values of sustainable urbanization in most cities are not high. Cities with higher sustainable urbanization potential values are mainly located in the central part of Northeast China. Environmental potential of sustainable urbanization is the main contributor to sustainable urbanization potential in Northeast China. There is no absolute relationship between city size and potential value, large city does not always mean greater potential. Correlation analysis shows that urbanization rate cannot reflect the sustainable urbanization potential of a region. Population urbanization is not the ultimate goal of sustainable urbanization. Unilateral pursue urbanization rate cannot improve the potential of sustainable urbanization. Towards sustainable urbanization, governments in Northeast China should revitalize local economy, pay more attention to the rural areas and develop low-carbon economy or ecological economy. Finally, this paper highlights the importance of choosing more integrated methodology or new models for measuring sustainable urbanization potential in view of the shortcomings of one method.

ACS Style

Shiwei Liu; Pingyu Zhang; Zheye Wang; Wenxin Liu; Juntao Tan. Measuring the sustainable urbanization potential of cities in Northeast China. Journal of Geographical Sciences 2016, 26, 549 -567.

AMA Style

Shiwei Liu, Pingyu Zhang, Zheye Wang, Wenxin Liu, Juntao Tan. Measuring the sustainable urbanization potential of cities in Northeast China. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2016; 26 (5):549-567.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shiwei Liu; Pingyu Zhang; Zheye Wang; Wenxin Liu; Juntao Tan. 2016. "Measuring the sustainable urbanization potential of cities in Northeast China." Journal of Geographical Sciences 26, no. 5: 549-567.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2015 in Energies
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With rising income and the emergence of modern shopping centers in urban China, shopping trips by private car becomes more and more common, leading to higher carbon emissions in the transport sector. Encouraging car owners to shift transport mode from private car to public transport could achieve significant emissions reductions. This study estimate carbon emissions savings by shifting from private cars to public transport for shopping trips in urban China, using Shenyang, one of the largest cities in China, as a case study. Our results show that the average carbon emissions per shopper is 426.9 g, and the carbon emissions on weekends is 13% higher than weekdays. Moreover, shoppers travelling by private car emitted five times more carbon emission than those by public transport. We also found that car ownership gradually increased as accessibility to public transport decreased, and that more car owners chose to travel by private cars than public transport in areas with limited access. This study, thus, highlights the potential for high-quality public transport to reduce the transport sector’s carbon emissions in urban China.

ACS Style

Jing Li; Pingyu Zhang; Kevin Lo; Meng Guo; Mark Wang. Reducing Carbon Emissions from Shopping Trips: Evidence from China. Energies 2015, 8, 10043 -10057.

AMA Style

Jing Li, Pingyu Zhang, Kevin Lo, Meng Guo, Mark Wang. Reducing Carbon Emissions from Shopping Trips: Evidence from China. Energies. 2015; 8 (9):10043-10057.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Li; Pingyu Zhang; Kevin Lo; Meng Guo; Mark Wang. 2015. "Reducing Carbon Emissions from Shopping Trips: Evidence from China." Energies 8, no. 9: 10043-10057.