Guidelines exist for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of sarcoidosis; however, considerable variation in clinical practice remains. This study aimed

Aims: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is a disorder characterized by complete or partial upper airway obstruction episodes and frequently decreased arterial oxygen saturation. Etiological factors and risk factors of OSAS are still investigated and studies in this topic continue. Until recently, researches were focused on the major effects of vitamin D on the bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis. Today; it has been found that vitamin D plays roles in many cells and tissues of human body additional to its functions in the musculoskeletal system. In our study, we aimed to examine vitamin D levels in patients who are diagnosed as OSAS and to investigate the relationship between OSAS and vitamin D deficiency. Methods: 83 volunteers, who were suspected to have OSAS, were included in the study. They all underwent polysomnography (PSG) in the Sleep Disorders Center in Pulmonary Department, between January 2015 – May 2015. Twenty cases with apnea hypopnea index (AHİ) < 5/hour were evaluated as simple snoring/control group. Cases with AHİ > 5/hour were diagnosed as OSAS; 22 patients were diagnosed as mild, 20 patients were diagnosed as moderate and 21 patients were diagnosed as severe OSAS. Blood samples of these patients were studied for the measurement of vitamin D [25(OH)D3], parathormone (PTH) , calcium (Ca), phosphor (P) levels and the samples were quickly delivered to biochemistry laboratory Results: A statistically significant difference in vitamin D levels were observed (p0.05). Vitamin D levels in the control group were significantly higher than the mild and the severe OSAS patients. No statistically significant difference was observed in PTH, Ca, P levels between these patients. Conclusion: Our study indicates that there is a significant relationship between vitamin D deficiency and OSAS. This finding suggests that vitamin D deficiency may play a role in the OSAS physiopathology. There are few studies exists about the association between vitamin D deficiency and OSAS. In this regard, we think our study will contribute to the literature. Moreover; prospective, randomized, controlled studies with large series were needed.

Hemoptysis is defined as the expectoration of blood originating from the pulmonary or bronchial vasculature into the airway. It may range from mild blood-streaked sputum to life-threatening massive bleeding that demands urgent intervention. Although minor hemoptysis is far more common, massive hemoptysis carries a high risk of mortality primarily due to asphyxiation rather than exsanguination. Identifying the underlying etiology is often complex, as causes vary by geography and comorbid conditions. In low and middle-income countries, pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchiectasis remain predominant causes, whereas in high-income regions, bronchogenic carcinoma is more frequent. A multidisciplinary approach involving pulmonology, interventional radiology, and thoracic surgery is essential. Early bronchoscopy, high-resolution or contrast-enhanced CT imaging, and, when indicated, bronchial artery embolization (BAE) play key roles in diagnosis and management. This review summarizes the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic strategies in hemoptysis, emphasizing evidence-based clinical decision-making and interventional options that reduce morbidity and mortality

Background and Objectives: Bronchiectasis exhibits heterogeneous inflammatory features. Although peripheral blood eosinophil counts guide therapy in other airway diseases, their role in phenotyping bronchiectasis remains under-defined. We investigated the clinical, microbiological, and inflammatory profiles of eosinopenic and eosinophilic phenotypes based on stable-state blood eosinophil counts. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated 163 patients diagnosed with bronchiectasis between December 2020 and October 2024. Patients were stratified into three groups based on stable-state peripheral blood eosinophil counts: eosinopenia (≤100 cells/µL), intermediate eosinophil levels (101–299 cells/µL), and eosinophilia (≥300 cells/µL). Baseline demographics, comorbidities, laboratory data, sputum culture results, radiological scores, and clinical outcomes were compared. Factors associated with exacerbations were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Eosinopenia was present in 30.1% of patients, intermediate eosinophil levels in 46.0%, and eosinophilia in 23.9%. Compared with patients in the intermediate group, those with eosinopenia had significantly higher sputum culture positivity (53.1% vs. 21.3%; p < 0.001), more frequent Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation in stable-state sputum cultures (26.5% vs. 9.3%; p = 0.011), and a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Hospitalization rates were numerically higher in the eosinophilia group than in the intermediate group (38.5% vs. 18.7%), although the overall between-group difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.069). In multivariable analysis, neither eosinopenia nor eosinophilia was significantly associated with exacerbation (adjusted OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.39–2.00; p = 0.760 and adjusted OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.56–4.07; p = 0.418, respectively). The modified Reiff score showed only a borderline association after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.99–1.35; p = 0.060). Conclusions: Blood eosinophil levels were associated with distinct clinical phenotypes in bronchiectasis. Eosinopenia was characterized by higher NLR and more frequent P. aeruginosa isolation in stable-state sputum cultures, whereas eosinophilia was associated with a distinct clinical profile. Blood eosinophil counts may serve as a practical phenotyping tool rather than a linear prognostic biomarker.