Nakul Ruparel

Mr. Nakul Ruparel


Research Focus & Metrics

Academic Career Length

1Year (2026-Present)

(Calculated once Scilit publication data is synced: current year − year of first publication + 1)

Representative Publications

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20 October 2026 in Toxics
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
PDF file
RPRavi Persaud
Ravi Persaud
AFAndy Forreryd
Andy Forreryd
RGRobin Gradin
Robin Gradin
EAEmma Anders
Emma Anders
JAJohan Andersson
Johan Andersson
NRNakul Ruparel
Nakul Ruparel
Pre-clinical toxicological evaluation is an essential component of ensuring the safety and compatibility of wearable devices with biological systems. Along with the local endpoints of cytotoxicity and irritation, skin sensitization is a core toxicological endpoint. Testing wearable devices, which are often solid and composed of multiple components, presents new challenges for New Approach Methods. In the current proof-of-concept study, we propose a strategy for conducting risk assessment of the individual components and the leachables from wearable devices. The GARDskin Dose-Response assay (OECD TGP 4.106) was used to predict the skin sensitization potency of three acrylate monomers, two acrylamide monomers, and one reactive dye. The GARDskin Medical Device (ISO 10993-10:2021, Annex C) was used to classify MED-2000 extracts spiked with isobornyl acrylate. All chemicals were classified as skin sensitizers. The quantitative potency predictions correlated well with available data from defined approaches and produced near-identical potency rankings. Available human and animal reference data were too sparse and heterogenous to substantiate agreement in potency. Finally, the GARDskin Medical Device assay correctly classified the spiked extract as skin sensitizing. In conclusion, the GARDskin assay and associated applications are well adapted to address the testing requirements for wearable devices.