Single-agent PD-1 blockade demonstrated promising efficacy in advanced thyroid cancer. The phase II, single-arm, multi-cohort GETNE-DUTHY trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03753919, EudraCT 2018-001066-42) aimed to determine whether dual anti-PD-L1/CTLA-4 inhibition using durvalumab and tremelimumab can improve the clinical outcomes in advanced thyroid cancer. Three parallel cohorts including patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (Cohort 1, n = 37), medullary thyroid carcinoma (Cohort 2, n = 30), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (Cohort 3, n = 12) were recruited. Cohort 1 and 2 included patients following progression to previous standard systemic therapy and in Cohort 3 were recruited regardless of previous therapy. The primary endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival rate for Cohort 1 and 2 and 6-month overall survival rate for Cohort 3. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate, progression-free survival, overall survival, and safety. The 6-month progression-free survival rates were 32.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.4–51.6) (Cohort 1) and 40.8% (95% CI: 26.3–63.6) (Cohort 2); 6-month overall survival rate was 65.6% (95% CI: 43.2–99.8) (Cohort 3). The objective response rates were 8%, 10%, and 33% for Cohort 1, 2, and 3, respectively. No additional safety signals observed. Durvalumab plus tremelimumab treatment in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma met the primary endpoint of this study, showing encouraging survival outcomes.

The number of patients with solid tumours requiring intensive care is increasing as cancer survival improves and oncological treatments become more complex. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission decisions should not be based on cancer diagnosis, metastatic status or palliative treatment intent alone. This narrative review presents a practical, multidisciplinary framework for assessing critically ill patients with solid tumours. It integrates acute illness severity and reversibility, organ failure, baseline performance status and frailty, cancer trajectory, remaining treatment options, expected functional recovery and patient preferences. We discuss contemporary anticancer treatment toxicities, cancer-associated thromboembolic disease, older adults, palliative care, communication and ethical decision-making. We also propose an algorithm ranging from full ICU support to a time-limited ICU trial with predefined reassessment or comfort-focused care. Early joint assessment by oncology and intensive care teams, followed by dynamic reassessment, may reduce both inappropriate escalation and premature exclusion from potentially beneficial organ support. Future research should prioritize structured pathways, improved prognostic tools and outcomes beyond survival, including functional recovery, quality of life and the ability to resume meaningful cancer treatment.