An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora.

Following recent mimosoid phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies demonstrating the non-monophyly of the genus Albizia, we present a new molecular phylogeny focused on the neotropical species in the genus, with much denser taxon sampling than previous studies. Our aims were to test the monophyly of the neotropical section Arthrosamanea, resolve species relationships, and gain insights into the evolution of fruit morphology. We perform a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of sequences of nuclear internal and external transcribed spacer regions and trace the evolution of fruit dehiscence and lomentiform pods. Our results find further support for the non-monophyly of the genus Albizia, and confirm the previously proposed segregation of Hesperalbizia, Hydrochorea, Balizia and Pseudosamanea. All species that were sampled from section Arthrosamanea form a clade that is sister to a clade composed of Jupunba, Punjuba, Balizia and Hydrochorea. We find that lomentiform fruits are independently derived from indehiscent septate fruits in both Hydrochorea and section Arthrosamanea. Our results show that morphological adaptations to hydrochory, associated with shifts into seasonally flooded habitats, have occurred several times independently in different geographic areas and different lineages within the ingoid clade. This suggests that environmental conditions have likely played a key role in the evolution of fruit types in Albizia and related genera. We resurrect the name Pseudalbizzia to accommodate the species of section Arthrosamanea, except for two species that were not sampled here but have been shown in other studies to be more closely related to other ingoid genera and we restrict the name Albizia s.s. to the species from Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. Twenty-one new nomenclatural combinations in Pseudalbizzia are proposed, including 16 species and 5 infraspecific varietal names. In addition to the type species Pseudalbizzia berteroana, the genus has 17 species distributed across tropical regions of the Americas, including the Caribbean. Finally, a new infrageneric classification into five sections is proposed and a distribution map of the species of Pseudalbizzia is presented.

Three genera are separated here from the South American Capparis s.l. (Capparaceae): (1) Sarcotoxicum, a new monospecific genus restricted to Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, composed of Sarcotoxicum salicifolium comb. nov.; (2) Neocalyptrocalyx is validated as a genus of seven species, with the following five species herewith transferred from Capparis s.l.: Neocalyptrocalyx eichleriana comb. nov., N. grandipetala comb. nov., N. leprieurii comb. nov., N. maroniensis comb. nov., and N. muco comb. nov.; and a sixth species, N. longifolium comb. nov., is transferred from Colicodendron; and, (3) Mesocapparis stat. nov., a scandent- shrubby monospecific genus endemic to Brazil, comprised of the new combination Mesocapparis lineata comb. nov. They are characterized by a variously stellate pubescence, 2-seriate sepals, 7 to 37 stamens, and pepos or amphisarca bearing many seeds with white- to cream-colored embryos and convolute cotyledons. Illustrations, descriptions, and a key to the discusse... Resumen. Se reconocen tres géneros cercanos entre los miembros Sudamericanos de Capparis s.l. (Capparaceae): (1) Sarcotoxicum, un nuevo género monoespecífico distribuido en Bolivia, Paraguay, y el norte deArgentina, representado por Sarcotoxicum salicifolium comb. nov.; (2) se valida Neocalyptrocalyx, un género de siete especies, cinco de las cuales son aquí transferidas de Capparis s.l.: Neocalyptrocalyx eichleriana comb. nov., N. grandipetala comb. nov., N. leprieurii comb. nov., N. maroniensis comb. nov., y N. muco comb. nov.; y una sexta especie N. longifolium comb. nov., es transferida de Colicodendron; y, (3) Mesocapparis stat. nov., un género monoespecífico restringido a Brasil y representado por Mesocapparis lineata comb. nov. Éstos tres géneros se caracterizan por presentar varios tipos de pubescencia estrellada, sépalos 2-seriados, 7 a 37 estambres y frutos pepos o mfisarcos que contienen muchas semillas con embriones de color blanco hasta crema y cotiledones convolutos. Se proveen ilustraciones...