Despite increasing interest in dissolving microneedles (DMNs) for psoriasis therapy, current evaluations often emphasize device performance or therapeutic outcomes rather than drug exposure within target tissues. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which achieving sufficient and sustained local drug concentrations remains challenging because of pathological barrier alterations and limitations of conventional topical delivery. DMNs provide a promising minimally invasive approach by enabling direct deposition of therapeutic agents into skin compartments beyond the stratum corneum. This review proposes an exposure-guided framework for evaluating psoriasis-specific DMNs by integrating formulation design, device characteristics, intradermal drug exposure, and therapeutic response. The framework is based on three interconnected dimensions: amount, location, and residence time, which describe the quantity of drug delivered into skin, its spatial distribution within target compartments, and the persistence of local exposure. Current evidence regarding polymer selection, drug-loading strategies, microneedle geometry, and manufacturing processes is critically discussed according to their influence on these exposure-related parameters. Existing studies demonstrate that DMN design strategies can improve drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes; however, quantitative characterization of tissue-specific drug deposition, spatial distribution, and concentration–time profiles remains limited. The proposed framework provides a systematic approach to connect DMN formulation and device optimization with intradermal exposure, local pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships, and clinical translation. Future development of psoriasis-oriented DMNs should incorporate standardized exposure assessment, mechanistic PK/PD evaluation, and human-relevant validation to support rational dose selection and clinical application.

The oral mucosa presents a challenging therapeutic interface characterized by continuous hydration, mechanical disturbance, microbial complexity, and dynamically evolving pathological conditions. This narrative review examines microneedle (MN) platforms for oral mucosal disease therapy from a pathological microenvironment-inspired perspective, with emphasis on interfacial adaptation, pathological signal responsiveness, infection control, and spatiotemporal drug delivery. Current evidence indicates that oral MNs can improve local retention, transmucosal delivery, antimicrobial activity, inflammatory regulation, and tissue repair. Endogenous ROS- and enzyme-responsive systems, externally triggered platforms, and multilayer or core–shell designs have further enabled stimulus-dependent or sequential therapeutic delivery. However, most current systems remain dependent on predefined material dissolution, degradation, or external stimulation rather than true feedback-driven adaptation to changing disease states. Major gaps include the lack of clinically validated response thresholds, insufficient oral-specific disease models, inconsistent evaluation of mechanical performance and mucosal retention, limited long-term biosafety data, and unresolved manufacturing and regulatory challenges. Future development should focus on standardized oral-specific evaluation and the integration of pathological sensing with programmable therapeutic delivery to improve the clinical applicability of adaptive MN platforms.

Burn wounds exhibit a dynamic and heterogeneous microenvironment characterized by altered pH, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), dysregulated protease activity, and infection-associated signals, providing potential triggers for stimuli-responsive hydrogels. However, in vitro responsiveness does not necessarily indicate effective activation under actual burn conditions, and therapeutic efficacy in burn models alone cannot confirm in situ triggering. This review therefore examines burn-responsive hydrogels through the framework of microenvironmental signal–material response–network transformation–therapeutic output. We discuss endogenous signals, including pH, ROS, and matrix metalloproteinases, together with externally controllable stimuli such as temperature, near-infrared light, and ultrasound. Molecular functionalization, dynamic crosslinking, and multi-network architectures are analyzed in relation to wound adaptability and therapeutic outputs, including antibacterial activity, oxidative-stress regulation, and tissue regeneration. Particular emphasis is placed on distinguishing material-level responsiveness, therapeutic efficacy in burn models, and in situ activation within the burn microenvironment. Future studies should quantitatively match pathological signal ranges with material activation thresholds while balancing response fidelity, wound adaptability, biosafety, manufacturability, and long-term therapeutic efficacy to facilitate clinical translation.