Interventions that are designed to stem plagiarism do not always override the motivation of individuals to cheat and, therefore, may not diminish misconduct. To inform more effective approaches, we conducted a systematic review to clarify the psychological causes of plagiarism. This review of 83 empirical papers showed that a specific blend of circumstances may foster plagiarism: an emphasis on competition and success rather than development and cooperation coupled with impaired resilience, limited confidence, impulsive tendencies, and biased cognitions. Fortunately, whenever students feel their life and studies align to their future aspirations, many of these circumstances tend to dissipate.

Current judging of race walking in international competitions relies on subjective human observation to detect illegal gait, which naturally has inherent problems. Incorrect judging decisions may devastate an athlete and possibly discredit the international governing body. The aim of this study was to determine whether an inertial sensor could improve accuracy, monitor every step the athlete makes in training and/or competition. Seven nationally competitive race walkers performed a series of legal, illegal and self-selected pace races. During testing, athletes wore a single inertial sensor (100 Hz) placed at S1 of the vertebra and were simultaneously filmed using a high-speed camera (125 Hz). Of the 80 steps analyzed the high-speed camera identified 57 as illegal, the inertial sensor misidentified four of these measures (all four missed illegal steps had 0.008 s of loss of ground contact) which is considerably less than the best possible human observation of 0.06 s. Inertial sensor comparison to the camera found the typical error of estimate was 0.02 s (95% confidence limits 0.01–0.02), with a bias of 0.02 (±0.01). An inertial sensor can thus objectively improve the accuracy in detecting illegal steps (loss of ground contact) and, along with the ability to monitor every step of the athlete, could be a valuable tool to assist judges during race walk events.

Assessment of human movement kinetics and kinematics use various methods of capture. Typical systems used are 2D or 3D camera systems. These laboratory-based simulations have accurately estimated movement variables. While these systems have shown accuracy in assessment, there are inherent problems with capture capabilities including: simulation of actions, and limitation of the camera system's capture range. Therefore data capture in a realistic environment is usually quite inhibitory. Microtechnology has been shown to address these restrictive issues of assessing human movement. The use of inertial sensors for land and water based biomechanical applications has been steadily gaining popularity. Traditional systems are severely hampered in aquatic environments, due to problems imposed by liquids that are not present in gaseous surroundings. These limitations do not intrude on inertial sensor captured data. Prior to a water based research, inertial sensor technology would require validation. The aim of this study was to validate an inertial system to measure temporal kinematics of a freestyle armstroke on a swimming bench. Six participants simulated freestyle swimming action. Variables measured were components of the stroke phase. A triaxial inertial sensor was positioned on the dorsal side and at the distal end of the forearm. Validation was carried out with comparisons against 2D video capture and a 3D infrared camera system. For statistical analysis, a Pearson's correlation, typical error of estimate, and mean bias were applied. Very large correlations, along with minimal error and mean bias indicate that inertial sensors as a viable option for swimming armstroke assessment.Griffith Sciences, Griffith School of EngineeringFull Tex

Typical in-filed technology used for human movement assessment is a single tool such as a video camera. However, there are drawbacks with this system. Understanding various human actions e.g. swimming kinematics, or the legality of a bowling action in cricket, is important for performance analysis. Inertial sensors can biomechanically capture temporal kinematics. Measuring the kinematics of human movement, allows performance analysers to monitor progression of an athlete's development. Fusing video and inertial sensor technology supplies visual feedback in conjunction with technical information. The video-sensor fusion presented here provides assessment for athletes where gross visual measures combined with fine movement monitoring possible. Therefore, a novel system can be offered which can assist athlete performance development.

Inertial sensors may provide the opportunity for broader and more cost effective gait analysis; however some questions remain over their potential use in this capacity. The aim of the study was to determine whether an inertial sensor could discriminate between normal walking, fast walking, and running. A single group crossover design was used to compare acceleration profiles between three gait conditions: normal walking, fast walking, and running. An inertial sensor was placed on the sacrum of 12 participants (6 male, 6 female) who performed 3 trials of each gait condition on both overground and treadmill settings. A significant difference (P < 0.001) in the occurrence of heel strike in the gait cycle was found between running and both walking conditions. No differences were seen between overground and treadmill in any condition or variable. The results indicate that a single sacral mounted inertial sensor can differentiate running from normal walking and fast walking using temporal gait event measures. This study indicates that inertial sensors can differentiate walking from running gait in healthy individuals which may have potential for application in the quantification of physical activity in the health and exercise industry.