Use of Budgetary Coefficients for Assessing the Sustainability of the Local Budget of Kazakhstan

The article considers the best practices of trend development in higher education services. Education reform is among the country's priorities and has been in a permanent state for almost a third of a century, yet despite massive reform efforts, the quality of educational services and corps faculty at all levels of the education market has improved little, if at all, over the past decades. The quarantine related to Covid-19 in Kazakhstan became the lens that clearly revealed these shortcomings of education and showed the fallacy of the trajectory of previously implemented reforms, which often took so much time, budget funds combined with their inefficient use. The pandemic revealed the weakest points in the educational system, the unwillingness of most teachers to work in an online format and confirmed that we are definitely not ready for the transition of digitalization in the era of globalization 2.0 and has already become a catalyst for unprecedented large-scale changes in this area. Highlighting the prospects for further development of the educational market in the context of social distancing and the post-pandemic period is very relevant. In the conditions of modernity, requirements of international education market of Kazakhstan higher education has acquired many actual directions and prospects of development, but still today many methods, forms, mechanisms, tools, organizational and structural transformations require their improvement and adjustment taking into account the state priorities in the field of education with national peculiarities and scientific researches of scientists, demand of consumers, main employers of RHEs and proposals from universities, which often do not coincide with the equilibrium supply and demand, so this study is relevant today and requires further research and problem solving on the implementation of educational trends in Kazakhstan.

The article objective is the study of exchange market and stock market financial instruments influence on capital flows in Kazakhstan. For this purpose possible influence factors on capital flows in Kazakhstan were analyzed. Statistical data on capital flows in Kazakhstan over a period from 2007 to 2013 were collected. Dynamics of capitalization on Kazakhstan Stock Exchange, the amount of issues of securities and number of issuers, Kazakhstan Stock Exchange index dynamics, banks residents’ exchange transactions’ volume, currency in cash transactions, foreign exchange cash import/ export by second-tier banks, currency trade volume in Kazakhstan Stock Exchange, interbank credit and deposits in Kazakhstan, on exchange average weighted exchange rate volume were collected and analyzed. Regression analysis is carried out, conclusions and recommendations are given. Found determination coefficient of 99% confirms the hypothesis of stock market and exchange market instruments influence on capital flows in Kazakhstan. The conclusion on the interrelation of capital flows and exchange market and stock market instruments is drawn based on calculated model. The following factors were also detected: the number of issues of securities eligible for trading in Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE); the number of issuers of securities eligible for trading in stock exchange; banks residents’ transactions volume; net transactions by exchange offices (foreign exchange cash); foreign exchange cash import/ export by second-tier banks.

The agricultural sector plays a critical role when it comes to economic development, food security, and environmental sustainability. This particular study looks at factors that affect total factor productivity (TFP) in agricultural state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and private farms. The research identified and evaluated land use efficiency, labor productivity, capital investment, and the adoption of sustainable practices for over 11,982 farms in Kazakhstan within a ten-year timeframe. The results exhibit productivity differences between SOEs and private farms. A larger share of private farms outcompetes SOE due to more efficient labor utilization and allocation of resources while the SOEs are more productive due to self-sufficient capital investment and infrastructure. As expected, lagged TFP (TFP from the last period) turns out to be an important predictor of TFP within the industry, for which there has been a great emphasis in the cross-section analysis. Additionally, the consequences of land use and agricultural sustainability positively contributed to TFP. These results confirm the expectations about responsible farming with a focus on resource optimization. On the other hand, crop yield was discovered to have an inverse relationship with TFP. This implies low levels of TFP growth because of efficiences associated with over-relies on inputs. This research is useful for policymakers and stakeholders as it expands the range of possibilities for multi-targeted approaches. Keywords: Total Factor Productivity (TFP), agriculture, capital investment, sustainable farming practices, State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)

This study examines regional agricultural credit allocation and intensity in Kazakhstan and their relevance to financial inclusion. Data cover 17 harmonised units in 2014–2023. Two-way fixed-effects models use 153 observations for 2015–2023 (T = 9), after lagging output. Outcomes comprise total real credit, credit per agricultural worker, and credit per hectare. Credit remains concentrated: the 2014–2023 Spearman rank correlation is 0.93, and 13 of 17 units remain in the same quartile. The modest decline in the top-three share is not statistically distinguishable from zero. A 1% increase in lagged agricultural output is associated with 0.63% higher current credit. Subsidies are positively associated with credit, with moderate evidence of a stronger association in initially high-credit regions. The interaction has weaker bootstrap support (p = 0.061; 95% CI [−0.01, 0.30]), so the distributional evidence is suggestive rather than definitive. Separate and joint models support a positive branch-density association; ATM-density estimates are imprecise. Regional differences and the main associations persist in the normalised outcomes. These non-causal associations concern geographic financial access and cannot establish borrower-level exclusion. Aggregate credit growth alone does not establish geographically inclusive agricultural finance.