Forty-five years after the Apollo and Luna missions returned lunar samples, China's Chang’E-5 (CE-5) mission collected new samples from the mid-latitude region in the northeastern Oceanus Procellarum of the Moon. Our study shows that 95% of CE-5 lunar soil sizes are found to be within the range of 1.40–9.35 μm, while 95% of the soils by mass are within the size range of 4.84–432.27 μm. The bulk density, true density and specific surface area of CE-5 soils are 1.2387 g/cm³, 3.1952 g/cm³ and 0.56 m²/g, respectively. Fragments from the CE-5 regolith are classified into igneous clasts (mostly basalt), agglutinate and glass. A few breccias were also found. The minerals and compositions of CE-5 soils are consistent with mare basalts and can be classified as low-Ti/low-Al/low-K type with lower rare-earth-element contents than materials rich in potassium, rare earth element and phosphorus. CE-5 soils have high FeO and low Mg index, which could represent a new class of basalt.

The Chang'E-6 (CE-6) mission successfully achieved return of the first samples from the far side of the Moon. The sampling site of CE-6 is located in the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin—the largest, deepest and oldest impact basin on the Moon. The 1935.3 g of CE-6 lunar samples exhibit distinct characteristics compared with previous lunar samples. This study analyses the physical, mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical properties of CE-6 lunar scooped samples. The CE-6 soil has a significantly lower bulk density (0.983 g/cm³) and true density (3.035 g/cm³) than the Chang'E-5 (CE-5) samples. The grain size of the CE-6 soil exhibits a bimodal distribution, indicating a mixture of different compositions. Mineralogically, the CE-6 soil consists of 32.6% plagioclase (anorthite and bytownite), 19.7% augite, 10% pigeonite and 3.6% orthopyroxene, and with low content of olivine (0.5%) but high content of amorphous glass (29.4%). Geochemically, the bulk composition of CE-6 soil is rich in Al₂O₃ (14%) and CaO (12%) but low in FeO (17%), and trace elements of CE-6 soil such as K (∼630 ppm), U (0.26 ppm), Th (0.92 ppm) and rare-earth elements are significantly lower than those of the lunar soils within the Procellarum KREEP Terrane. The local basalts are characterized by low-Ti (TiO₂, 5.08%), low-Al (Al₂O₃ 9.85%) and low-K (∼830 ppm), features suggesting that the CE-6 soil is a mixture of local basalts and non-basaltic ejecta. The returned CE-6 sample contains diverse lithic fragments, including local mare basalt, breccia, agglutinate, glasses and leucocrate. These local mare basalts document the volcanic history of the lunar far side, while the non-basaltic fragments may offer critical insights into the lunar highland crust, SPA impact melts and potentially the deep lunar mantle, making these samples highly significant for scientific research.

Physical aging is a long-lasting research hot spot in the glass community, yet its long-term effects remain unclear because of the limited experimental time. In this study, we discover the extraordinary aging effects in five typical lunar glassy particles with diameters ranging from about 20 to 53 micrometers selected from Chang’e-5 lunar regolith. It is found that geological time scales’ aging can lead to unusually huge modulus enhancements larger than 73.5% while much weaker effects on hardness (i.e., varies decoupling evolutions of Young’s modulus and hardness during aging) in these lunar glassy samples. Such extraordinary aging effects are primarily attributed to the natural selected complex glassy compositions and structures, consistent with high entropy and minor element doping criteria, prevailing under the special lunar conditions and the extensive aging time for the lunar glasses. This study offers valuable insights for developing high-performance and stable glassy materials for radiation protection and advanced space explorations.

With the continuous development of computer and electronics, the idea of artificial intelligence has been integrating into the fault tolerance researches. As a valuable and prospective intelligent fault tolerance technique in high reliability and high safety applications, the evolvable hardware fault tolerance technique is becoming an important and widely applicable method. However, this technique confronts two difficult problems: evolved circuit scale and evolution efficiency. Towards these problems, we present a programmable architecture called neural network architecture based virtual reconfigurable circuit (NNA-VRC), and an evolutionary fault tolerance method based on this programmable architecture. The NNA-VRC based evolution method simplifies the structure and configuration of programmable architecture, avoids illegal interconnections during the circuit evolution, and implements high level (module level) evolution. The experiments of this paper show that a function module scale circuit is evolved efficiently. Furthermore, NNA-VRC based evolution method can recovery from many injected fault patterns, behaving a strong feature of fault tolerance.

探月三期嫦娥五号任务是我国首次地外天体采样返回任务, 研制目的是经过地月转移和环月飞行, 在月面选定区域着陆, 采集月球样品, 经月面起飞、月球轨道交会对接与样品转移、月地转移和再入回收等过程, 将月球样品安全送至地面. 本文阐述了嫦娥五号的任务特点、概貌和研制过程, 重点对探测器关键技术的突破情况和创新点进行了总结, 并给出了在轨飞行结果. 结果表明, 嫦娥五号探测器所有功能性能均满足任务要求, 在轨飞行状态正常, 技术设计正确.