Glucose monitoring is key to the management of diabetes mellitus to maintain optimal glucose control whilst avoiding hypoglycemia. Non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring techniques have evolved considerably to replace finger prick testing, but still require sensor insertion. Physiological variables, such as heart rate and pulse pressure, change with blood glucose, especially during hypoglycemia, and could be used to predict hypoglycemia. To validate this approach, clinical studies that contemporaneously acquire physiological and continuous glucose variables are required. In this work, we provide insights from a clinical study undertaken to study the relationship between physiological variables obtained from a number of wearables and glucose levels. The clinical study included three screening tests to assess neuropathy and acquired data using wearable devices from 60 participants for four days. We highlight the challenges and provide recommendations to mitigate issues that may impact the validity of data capture to enable a valid interpretation of the outcomes.

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is associated with multiple extrahepatic complications, but its relationship with peripheral neuropathy, even without co-existing type 2 diabetes (T2D), remains poorly understood. Furthermore, to what extent addressing liver and metabolic health would be associated with improvements in small nerve fibre morphology (that mediate neuropathy) is unknown. We investigated the relationship between liver health and small nerve fibre morphology in adults with MASLD before and after diet-induced weight loss and improvements in liver health. Methods: Adults with MASLD (n = 12) and controls without MASLD or T2D (n = 16) underwent anthropometry, biochemistry, transient elastography (TE) and corneal confocal microscopy (CCM). Participants with MASLD then completed a 12-week low-calorie diet (LCD; Counterweight-Plus, ~850 kcal/day) with repeat assessments including multi-organ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). TE quantified hepatic steatosis (controlled attenuation parameter, CAP), while MRI measured hepatic and pancreatic fat (proton density fat fraction, PDFF) and fibroinflammation (iron-corrected T1, cT1). Neuropathy was assessed using validated questionnaires and CCM-derived corneal nerve fibre density (CNFD), branch density (CNBD) and fibre length (CNFL). The primary outcome measure was change in liver PDFF. Associations between hepatic and neuropathy measures were assessed using correlation and multivariable linear regression. Results: Compared with controls, MASLD participants had higher liver fat and metabolic dysfunction, with reduced CNFD (25.7 vs. 28.4 fibres/mm², p = 0.03) and CNFL (14.1 vs. 17.1 mm/mm², p = 0.02). In multivariable regression, TE-derived CAP was independently associated with CNFD (β −0.03 (95% CI −0.06, −0.01), p < 0.05), while total cholesterol was associated with CNFL (β −1.54 (95% CI −2.81, −0.27), p < 0.02). After LCD, participants lost 12.5 kg with reductions in metabolic syndrome components (p = 0.04) and liver fat (ΔPDFF −5.0%, p = 0.03). Neuropathic symptoms improved and CNFD increased (+1.87 fibres/mm², p = 0.05). Reduction in liver fat correlated with increased CNFL (r = −0.63, p = 0.03), while change in hepatic fibroinflammation (ΔcT1) correlated with neuropathy disability (r = 0.62, p = 0.04) and small-fibre symptom scores (r = 0.47, p = 0.05). Conclusions: These exploratory findings suggest that MASLD, even without T2D, may be associated with small nerve fibre abnormalities and neuropathic symptoms. Diet-induced weight loss improved liver, metabolic and neural health in parallel. Larger prospective confirmatory studies are required to more precisely establish this relationship both at baseline and with interventions.