Background and Aim: The search and development of disinfectants is promising worldwide. However, there are currently no international regulations governing the testing and registration of germicidal agents. Moreover, the number of safety requirements for disinfectants for human, animal, and environmental health has increased. This research aimed to evaluate the prospects of using a collection of bacteriophages for disinfectant purposes. Materials and Methods: The objects of research were bacteriophages isolated from a total of 129 environmental samples obtained from seven sources in and around livestock buildings: (1) Feed residues from feeders and automatic drinkers; (2) washouts from floors, walls, and posts; (3) soil from underneath floors; (4) bedding; (5) sewage; (6) ponds; and (7) soil from paddocks. The corresponding strains were used as indicator test cultures for bacteriophages. The authors employed the following methods to work with bacteriophages: (a) Bacteriophage isolation methods, (b) the Appelman method (i.e., serial dilutions), (c) the Grazia method (i.e., agar layers), (d) phage titration on solid media, and (e) the bacterial phagotyping method. Results: The results of the analysis on the bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family isolated 11 bacteriophages; one bacteriophage is specific to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and another one is specific to Brucella abortus. The results also indicate that all bacteriophage strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family demonstrate lysis at a pH of 7.0. In addition, this polyphage lyses all strains of sensitive bacterial cultures. The optimum temperature for the cultivation of bacteriophages is 35°C. While using electron microscopy to study the consortium of bacteriophages, clearly distinguishable virions of bacteriophages were found in the microscope field of view. Conclusion: The main parameters for the production of polyphages include the ratio of the bacteriophage and its corresponding bacteriophage-sensitive culture, the pH of the cultivation medium, and the cultivation time of the bacteriophage system as well as the sensitive bacterium. With regard to the aforementioned parameters, the results indicate that the average value for all bacteriophages is 1:2, and the average cultivation medium pH is 7.0 for all bacteriophages. The average cultivation time for all bacteriophages is 18-24 h.

Brucellosis is a particularly dangerous zoonotic disease that is widespread in animals and humans. Despite the fact that more than 120 years have passed since the discovery of the pathogen and the disease has been well studied by domestic and foreign researchers, the problem of brucellosis remains relevant in many countries of the world. A number of economically developed countries have achieved some success in controlling bovine brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus. Results for control of brucellosis in small ruminants caused by Brucella melitensis are more modest. In some developing countries, the epizootic situation for bovine brucellosis is worsening. Brucellosis caused by B. melitensis is also a major public health problem. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 500 000 cases of newly diagnosed brucellosis are reported each year in more than 170 countries, more than half of them in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. In brucellosis-prone regions, the actual incidence can be 10 to 25 times higher than officially reported. In brucellosis-endemic areas, where brucellosis is a deep-rooted problem, the infection has global, far-reaching negative consequences for the health and economy of states. The main objective of the studies was to monitor the epizootological situation of animal brucellosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK).

In Kazakhstan, options and regions for hydrogen production are being considered, including in Western Kazakhstan, the Mangystau region, using the water of the Caspian Lake. The current advanced hydrogen production technologies, including green hydrogen, are very expensive, requiring billions of dollars of investment and potentially creating difficulties for the local population and nature, ecology, flora and fauna. At the same time, geological studies of alternative hydrogen production options in Kazakhstan are poorly developed. Kazakhstan needs and is currently very important to study serpentinization of ophiolite rocks using natural «white» hydrogen. In many countries, there is practically a «gold rush» now, hydrogeologists are conducting research on the search for natural «white» hydrogen. Hydrogeologists have now discovered numerous sources of natural hydrogen in geological environments from Mali to Switzerland, France, Germany, the USA, Canada, and Australia. More than 50 companies have sprung up to discover and mine it. A natural hydrogen well operates in Mali to provide energy to a local city with a population of about 4,000 people for free and forever. Unlike other geological fuels, which are formed over millions of years, natural hydrogen is generated by mixing water and iron particles, serpentinization of ophiolite rocks, and is renewable on the scale of human time, and not in geological epochs. Alternative options for the production and use of hydrogen are presented in this review, including various types of hydrogen, black, gray, green, blue, turquoise, pink and yellow, depending on the method of its extraction and production. Kazakhstan, with the richest natural ore reserves, including coal and polymetals, where ophiolite rocks may be located, may well have deposits of natural «white» hydrogen, such geological studies in Kazakhstan are poorly developed.

Животноводство Казахстана занимает около 43% от всей валовой продукции сельского хозяйства, является основным источником занятости, питания и доходов сельского населения и его развитие является одной из основных стратегических экономических задач республики. Ведущей отраслью агропромышленного комплекса республики, на долю которой приходится около 20% объема производимых в Казахстане продуктов питания всегда была и остается молочная отрасль [1]. Обеспечение населения качественными продуктами тесно связано с развитием животноводства, в свою очередь, обеспечение молочными продуктами в значительной степени зависит от эффективности ведения молочного скотоводства, наиболее полного использования его потенциала. На сегодняшний день главной задачей в молочном скотоводстве является повышение продуктивности коров, а также улучшение качества молока: увеличение количества жира, белка и сухих веществ [2]. Развитие молочной промышленности в Республике Казахстан имеет положительную тенденцию. Ассортимент молочной продукции широк и по качеству приближается к европейским стандартам [3]. На внутреннем рынке Казахстана появились новые бренды, использующие высокотехнологичные производственные линии, что вызывает у потребителей особый спрос на конкурентные преимущества по качеству продукции [4].

Аннотация В статье приведены результаты сравнительного анализа поствакцинального иммунитета против ящура типов А, О, Азия-1, сформированного у крупного и мелкого рогатого скота, привитого вакцинами производства кампании ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ» и ФКП «Щелковский биокомбинат» (Россия). В результате выяснено, что не у всех животных на 21 сутки могут быть сформированы иммунитет против ящура. Для достижения требуемого уровня иммунности, животным требуется ввести двойную дозу вакцины. Только в этом случае можно предохранить животных от заболевания ящуром. Причем необходимо через некоторое время провести ревакцинацию животных для поддержания напряженности и длительности иммунитета. Поэтому остается актуальным, востребованным для практики и науки установление окончательных сроков длительности иммунитета что требует проведения дополнительных исследований. Это поможет нам определиться дозой, кратностью и интервалом введения вакцины. Также позволит выбрать оптимальный вариант вакцины, которая создаст достаточный иммунитет против серотипов, представляющих угрозу возникновения ящура на территории нашей страны, а также адаптировать существующие вакцины или инвестировать в разработку новых вакцин.