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Melaleuca forests significantly contribute to economic development through silviculture and play an important role in carbon sequestration and supply of oxygen. Currently, Melaleuca seedlings are planted on bunds in inundated areas or on trenches in elevated areas. Little is known of what planting methods and growth stage of Melaleuca trees are best for developing new forest areas and sequestering highest levels of carbon. We selected U Minh Ha National Park in search for answers to the questions. We established 12 standard plots (10m x 10m) in the park where Melaleuca trees at two ages (10 years of age and 15 years of age) were planted on bunds and trenches. We employed Anova analysis, SPSS software and numerical analysis for analyzing and evaluating carbon sequestration by Melaleuca trees. We found that planting method significantly contributes to developing new forest areas in terms of tree volume, biomass, and carbon sequestration. Bund-based planting proves to be more cost-effective in developing new forest areas and carbon sequestration than trench-based planting. Trees at the age of 10 planted on bunds has been the most effective category for sequestering carbon. Our methodology in examining the relationship proves to be a feasible reference to new forest development and payment for forest service scheme in the Mekong Delta region or elsewhere in the broader region.
Le Tan Loi; Nguyen Xuan Hoang; Nguyen Tan Phong. An Evaluation of Carbon Sequestration in Melaleuca cajuputi Powell forest in U Minh Ha National Park, Ca Mau, Viet Nam. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleLe Tan Loi, Nguyen Xuan Hoang, Nguyen Tan Phong. An Evaluation of Carbon Sequestration in Melaleuca cajuputi Powell forest in U Minh Ha National Park, Ca Mau, Viet Nam. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLe Tan Loi; Nguyen Xuan Hoang; Nguyen Tan Phong. 2021. "An Evaluation of Carbon Sequestration in Melaleuca cajuputi Powell forest in U Minh Ha National Park, Ca Mau, Viet Nam." , no. : 1.
Mangrove-dominated muddy coasts have been allocated for developing livelihood models, particularly in developing countries. Uncontrolled allocation causes the mangrove forests to be vulnerable and even severely eroded. Restoration of vulnerable and eroded coastal areas has been merely conservation-driven, leaving livelihood-oriented mangrove forests unprotected. As a consequence, mangrove-dominated muddy coasts have not been well-protected. How livelihood-oriented mangrove forests are configured towards protecting coasts and protecting local livelihoods remains a challenge. This study employed a critical review for addressing this matter. The results reveal that there is limited practical knowledge of configuring livelihood-oriented models for protecting the coasts. The configuration process reported in this study is merely based on technical recommendations in South East Asia to date. The recommended configuration commences with the first stage of voluntarily designating a certain percentage of allocated forests on the seaward side to protect coasts, relocating livelihood models in the gaps among current stands of mangrove forests landward. Abandoned ponds are ecologically restored using sediment trapping structures for providing suitable substrate for promoting regrowth of local mangrove species as the second stage, followed by designation of an appropriate percentage as mangrove belts on the seaward side. The two-step configuration is highly likely to be replicable and applicable nationally and regionally due to full consideration of different political, sociocultural, and environmental characteristics in Vietnam and Indonesia.
Nguyen Phong; Thai Luom. Configuration of Allocated Mangrove Areas and Protection of Mangrove-Dominated Muddy Coasts: Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6258 .
AMA StyleNguyen Phong, Thai Luom. Configuration of Allocated Mangrove Areas and Protection of Mangrove-Dominated Muddy Coasts: Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6258.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen Phong; Thai Luom. 2021. "Configuration of Allocated Mangrove Areas and Protection of Mangrove-Dominated Muddy Coasts: Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6258.
The abundance of heat-trapping asphalt and concrete, smog, and heat emitted from buildings and vehicles is one of the major reasons for the prevailing high temperature, air and noise pollution in cities. Incorporation of green wall in buildings is considered to be an effective method to reduce temperature and mitigate environmental pollution. This study investigated and compared the performance of two types of climbing green wall (CGW) and paving green wall (PGW) vegetation for temperature and noise reduction. Besides, the biological characteristics of Parthenocissus tricuspidata and Sedum lineare Thunb were also analysed to substantiate the temperature and noise reduction performance of these plants. The results revealed that, the average temperature reduction by CGW and PGW were 4.9 ± 1.3 and 16.6 ± 7.4%, respectively, under no irrigation condition, and 18.4 ± 9.4 and 23.8 ± 8.7%, respectively, under irrigation condition. The noise reduction by CGW in high (75-80 dB), medium (50-55 dB) and low (30-35 dB) sound pressure level was 12.4, 7.5 and 5.7 dB, respectively, and 15.6, 9.3 and 7.0 dB, respectively, by PGW. The results demonstrated that green wall has an excellent effect on buildings towards temperature and noise pollution reduction.
Van Tai Tang; Eldon R. Rene; Lei Hu; Shishir Kumar Behera; Nguyen Tan Phong; Chau Thi Da. Vertical green walls for noise and temperature reduction – An experimental investigation. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 2021, 27, 806 -818.
AMA StyleVan Tai Tang, Eldon R. Rene, Lei Hu, Shishir Kumar Behera, Nguyen Tan Phong, Chau Thi Da. Vertical green walls for noise and temperature reduction – An experimental investigation. Science and Technology for the Built Environment. 2021; 27 (6):806-818.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVan Tai Tang; Eldon R. Rene; Lei Hu; Shishir Kumar Behera; Nguyen Tan Phong; Chau Thi Da. 2021. "Vertical green walls for noise and temperature reduction – An experimental investigation." Science and Technology for the Built Environment 27, no. 6: 806-818.
Offshore breakwaters can be effective in reducing the energy of incident waves through dissipation, refraction or reflection. Breakwaters are increasingly constructed to stabilize eroded muddy coasts, particularly in developing countries. Accumulation of fine-grained sediment and wave attenuation are two attributes of a stable muddy coast. Effective interventions in stabilizing eroded muddy coasts include two important elements: accumulation of fine-grained sediment and wave reduction. The efficacy of offshore breakwaters in stabilizing eroded muddy coasts is, however, not yet adequately understood. A crucial question needing attention is whether accumulation of fine-grained sediment and wave attenuation should be used in evaluating the efficacy of these offshore breakwaters in stabilizing eroded muddy coasts. To address this issue, a pile-rock offshore breakwater in Huong Mai, Tieu Dua of Ca Mau, Vietnam was selected as an appropriate example in this regard. Accumulation of fine-grained sediment and wave attenuation were tested as means to investigate the efficacy of the Huong Mai structure in stabilizing the eroded muddy coast. The study was undertaken using field-based measurements and semi-structured interviews in three stages between October 2016 and December 2020. We found that this structure has had limited efficacy in stabilizing the eroded muddy coast. The structure was effective in dissipating the energy of incident waves, but we found no evidence of fine-grained sediment accumulation due to an inappropriate structural design. There was also no monitoring system in place, leading to difficulties in evaluating its efficacy in terms of wave attenuation and accumulation of fine-grained sediment. The gaps between the shoreline and the structure have not been adequately explained, resulting in substantial challenges in replicating the structure elsewhere. The Huong Mai structure should be strengthened using supplementary measures and granulometric tests in order to improve the efficacy in stabilizing eroded muddy coasts. The methods in this study provide new insights in this regard.
Thai Luom; Nguyen Phong; Nguyen Anh; Nguyen Tung; Le Tu; Tran Duong. Using Fine-Grained Sediment and Wave Attenuation as a New Measure for Evaluating the Efficacy of Offshore Breakwaters in Stabilizing an Eroded Muddy Coast: Insights from Ca Mau, the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4798 .
AMA StyleThai Luom, Nguyen Phong, Nguyen Anh, Nguyen Tung, Le Tu, Tran Duong. Using Fine-Grained Sediment and Wave Attenuation as a New Measure for Evaluating the Efficacy of Offshore Breakwaters in Stabilizing an Eroded Muddy Coast: Insights from Ca Mau, the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4798.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThai Luom; Nguyen Phong; Nguyen Anh; Nguyen Tung; Le Tu; Tran Duong. 2021. "Using Fine-Grained Sediment and Wave Attenuation as a New Measure for Evaluating the Efficacy of Offshore Breakwaters in Stabilizing an Eroded Muddy Coast: Insights from Ca Mau, the Mekong Delta of Vietnam." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4798.
Island tourism development is frequently associated with increased use of natural resources for constructing facilities that serve tourism activities. The existing island tourism tools have had limited success in ensuring sustainable island tourism development. Our knowledge of water capacity and monitoring of the algae dominated marine environment need to be expanded to ensure the sustainability. The paper uses data from Phu Quoc Island, Kien Giang, Vietnam to address these two above issues. The objective was gained through a combination of literature review, semi-structured interviews, and ecological sampling of marine algal species. The sustainability of tourism development in Phu Quoc is at risk due to inadequate focus on water resource management, poor wastewater treatment, and poor law enforcement. Inadequate water supply facilities cause water shortages, especially in the peak season, which resulted in uncontrolled groundwater extraction. Poor wastewater treatment and poor law enforcement create water quality problems in outflows causing degradation. Determination of water capacity should be prioritized and legally required as a compulsory element of sustainable island tourism development, and should guide the number of visitors and the types of tourism allowed at each site. Marine algal species should be accepted as a crucial indicator of the marine environment where algal species are dominant.
Nguyen Tan Phong; Huynh Van Tien. Water resource management and island tourism development: insights from Phu Quoc, Kien Giang, Vietnam. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2021, 1 -22.
AMA StyleNguyen Tan Phong, Huynh Van Tien. Water resource management and island tourism development: insights from Phu Quoc, Kien Giang, Vietnam. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2021; ():1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen Tan Phong; Huynh Van Tien. 2021. "Water resource management and island tourism development: insights from Phu Quoc, Kien Giang, Vietnam." Environment, Development and Sustainability , no. : 1-22.
The coastal province of Kien Giang exposes some of the challenges of mangrove-based aquaculture (MBA) and coastal protection, both within the Mekong Delta and more broadly. Kien Giang was therefore selected as a case study to explore in detail the relationship between MBA and mangrove protection. This was achieved through a combination of spatial analysis of coastline change from Google Earth imagery, ground truthing and field visits, semi-structured interviews, participatory community meetings, and focus group interviews. The results indicate that the current MBA does not guarantee mangrove protection. The current MBA strategies are shown to be sustainable on stable or progradational coasts, where ponds are adequately protected by 700 m wide mangrove belts. However, ponds developed on erosional coasts commonly fail, and frequently accelerate coastal retreat as the degraded mangrove belts less effectively protect the coast. Therefore, the legislation, or its implementation should be revised to ensure that mangrove allocations for MBA can only be allowed where the shoreline is stable or prograding, and where protection is provided by minimum 40 m wide mangrove belts. As mangrove forests on the Mekong Delta face additional threats associated with rising sea levels and climate change, the revision of current practices is critically urgent.
Thai Thanh Luom; Nguyen Tan Phong; Scott Smithers; Tang Van Tai. Protected mangrove forests and aquaculture development for livelihoods. Ocean & Coastal Management 2021, 205, 105553 .
AMA StyleThai Thanh Luom, Nguyen Tan Phong, Scott Smithers, Tang Van Tai. Protected mangrove forests and aquaculture development for livelihoods. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2021; 205 ():105553.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThai Thanh Luom; Nguyen Tan Phong; Scott Smithers; Tang Van Tai. 2021. "Protected mangrove forests and aquaculture development for livelihoods." Ocean & Coastal Management 205, no. : 105553.
Ecological engineering (EE) was employed for developing strategies for stabilizing eroded muddy coasts (EMCs). However, there was a limited analysis of these EE strategies with respect to design, performance, and lessons learned. This study employed a critical review for addressing the limitations. There were four EE models designed with different restoration interventions for stabilizing EMCs. The models using active interventions have not been cost-effective in controlling erosion because the interventions failed to achieve their goals or were costly and unnecessary. Of the two passive intervention models, the one with structures constructed from onshore proved to be more cost-effective in terms of construction costs, the survival rate of transplanted seedlings, and levels of sea mud accumulation. Interventions with adequate consideration of the muddy coastal ecological processes and the ecological reasoning for the positioning of these interventions play a crucial role in stabilizing EMCs. A passive restoration model using gradually expanded interventions should be promoted in order to ensure sustainable management of EMCs in the future.
Huynh Tien; Nguyen Tuan Anh; Nguyen Tan Phong; Mai Minh Nhat. Ecological Engineering and Restoration of Eroded Muddy Coasts in South East Asia: Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1248 .
AMA StyleHuynh Tien, Nguyen Tuan Anh, Nguyen Tan Phong, Mai Minh Nhat. Ecological Engineering and Restoration of Eroded Muddy Coasts in South East Asia: Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuynh Tien; Nguyen Tuan Anh; Nguyen Tan Phong; Mai Minh Nhat. 2021. "Ecological Engineering and Restoration of Eroded Muddy Coasts in South East Asia: Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1248.
The paper aims to critically review the current management of mangrove forests allocated to local communities for protecting and using mangrove forests for livelihoods in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, and to outline a prospective model guidelines. Allocated mangrove forests were severely eroded. Private coastal lands have been intensively used for agriculture or aquaculture. Allocated mangroves and private lands need to be sustainably managed, especially to adapt to projected sea level rise in the region. The review revealed that allocated mangrove forests were poorly managed without technical guidelines on configuring allocated mangrove forests in many coastal provinces the Mekong Delta. The Kien Giang communities have recently established a future management step with developing model guidelines on configuring mangrove areas at the 30/70 ratio. The model guidelines are expected to overcome some of the challenges to the current management of allocated mangroves in Kien Giang and the Mekong Delta, but first testing in the local circumstance in Kien Giang for effectiveness and efficiency prior to wider application and policy change.
Thai Thanh Luom; Nguyen Tan Phong. Current Management of Allocated Mangroves for Livelihood Improvement in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Knowledge Gaps and a Potential Model for Future Management. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 2020, 40, 68 -82.
AMA StyleThai Thanh Luom, Nguyen Tan Phong. Current Management of Allocated Mangroves for Livelihood Improvement in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Knowledge Gaps and a Potential Model for Future Management. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 2020; 40 (1):68-82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThai Thanh Luom; Nguyen Tan Phong. 2020. "Current Management of Allocated Mangroves for Livelihood Improvement in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Knowledge Gaps and a Potential Model for Future Management." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 40, no. 1: 68-82.
This article presents the raw data in relation to the status of, and the distribution of, the 41 marine algal species occurring around and within the An Thoi coral reef strictly protected zone, Phu Quoc Marine Protected Area. The data, which were collected in May 2017, include the detailed description of the locations, the oceanographical conditions, and the photographs of the 41 marine algal species. For more insight, please see "Marine algal species and marine protected area management: A case study in Phu Quoc, Kien Giang, Vietnam" Huynh and Nguyen, 2019.
Huynh Van Tien; Nguyen Tan Phong. Marine algal species and their distribution in Phu Quoc marine protected area. Data in Brief 2019, 25, 104200 .
AMA StyleHuynh Van Tien, Nguyen Tan Phong. Marine algal species and their distribution in Phu Quoc marine protected area. Data in Brief. 2019; 25 ():104200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuynh Van Tien; Nguyen Tan Phong. 2019. "Marine algal species and their distribution in Phu Quoc marine protected area." Data in Brief 25, no. : 104200.
As with many other marine protected areas in Vietnam, little is known of the marine algal species and their status within the Phu Quoc Marine Protected Area (Phu Quoc MPA), Kien Giang, Vietnam, although these species are known to have economic and conservation value. The knowledge limitations may partly be due to the fact that marine algal species have not been a major focus of surveys and monitoring programmes. This study applied a mixed methods approach for developing an adequate understanding of the status of marine algal species occurring in the An Thoi coral reef strictly protected zone of Phu Quoc MPA. 41 marine algal species were fully described, along with details about habitats, biodiversity, economic and conservation values, and challenges to the conservation of these species. Three of 41 species recorded are listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book, a list of rare and endangered floral and faunal species native to Vietnam. This listing adds a new dimension to the literature with regard to distribution and habitats. The remaining species are known to be of economic value. Two islands, which are not strictly protected zones, are home to two vulnerable algal species. Marine algal species have been poorly managed and monitored as a consequence of insufficient legal frameworks, resulting in little documentation of the effects of socio-economic and tourism development on the marine algal species. The current zoning plan should be revised to expand core zones for the effective management of the algal species. Technical guidelines on zoning and zoning permit should be developed to promote the co-management of algal species for the protection of the species and livelihoods, and to ease illegal exploitation of marine algal species in Phu Quoc MPA.
Huynh Van Tien; Tan Phong Nguyen. Marine algal species and marine protected area management: A case study in Phu Quoc, Kien Giang, Vietnam. Ocean & Coastal Management 2019, 178, 104816 .
AMA StyleHuynh Van Tien, Tan Phong Nguyen. Marine algal species and marine protected area management: A case study in Phu Quoc, Kien Giang, Vietnam. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2019; 178 ():104816.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuynh Van Tien; Tan Phong Nguyen. 2019. "Marine algal species and marine protected area management: A case study in Phu Quoc, Kien Giang, Vietnam." Ocean & Coastal Management 178, no. : 104816.
There have been few reviews of the effectiveness of the management of coastal mangrove protected areas and coastal land use planning at all levels in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Ben Tre province provides a good case study to enable the assessment of typical management practices in the provinces of the Delta. The study aims to critically review the current strategies for managing the Ben Tre coast and to consider what changes are required to ensure effective coastal management. The current coastal management strategies only dealt with symptoms and worked temporarily. There has been insufficient coordination in land use planning and coastal management among the Ben Tre government agencies, substantially contributing to mangrove loss and degradation. Natural regeneration of local mangrove species and secondary succession, although having been practically effective for protecting from coastal erosion, have not been used as coastal management measures. Three strategies, hold the existing defence line, managed realignment, and no active intervention, are recommended to assist in managing the Ben Tre coast for adaptation to climate change and sea level rise, and livelihood improvement.
Tan Phong Nguyen; Kevin E. Parnell. Coastal land use planning in Ben Tre, Vietnam: constraints and recommendations. Heliyon 2019, 5, e01487 .
AMA StyleTan Phong Nguyen, Kevin E. Parnell. Coastal land use planning in Ben Tre, Vietnam: constraints and recommendations. Heliyon. 2019; 5 (4):e01487.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan Phong Nguyen; Kevin E. Parnell. 2019. "Coastal land use planning in Ben Tre, Vietnam: constraints and recommendations." Heliyon 5, no. 4: e01487.
Accumulation of fine grained sediment and natural regeneration of mangrove species are normally prioritized to control erosion on mangrove dominated muddy coasts. Current solutions to manage eroded mangrove dominated muddy coasts have been not as cost-effective as expected. Entrapping microsites, although mainly used for restoring eroded terrestrial resources, were first tested for restoring an eroded mangrove dominated muddy coast of Vam Ray, Hon Dat, Kien Giang, Vietnam. Entrapping microsites, constructed with a 50 cm layer of discarded Melaleuca small sticks that were overlain on the surface of the site, accumulated a high level of fine grained sediment and promoted robust natural regeneration or regrowth of local mangrove species after approximately two years. The effectiveness and efficiency of the Vam Ray Melaleuca entrapping microsites provide a good basis on which further research and ground works can proceed.
T.P. Nguyen. Melaleuca entrapping microsites as a nature based solution to coastal erosion: A pilot study in Kien Giang, Vietnam. Ocean & Coastal Management 2018, 155, 98 -103.
AMA StyleT.P. Nguyen. Melaleuca entrapping microsites as a nature based solution to coastal erosion: A pilot study in Kien Giang, Vietnam. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2018; 155 ():98-103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT.P. Nguyen. 2018. "Melaleuca entrapping microsites as a nature based solution to coastal erosion: A pilot study in Kien Giang, Vietnam." Ocean & Coastal Management 155, no. : 98-103.
By 2009, the Kien Giang coast, Vietnam, had experienced significant coastal erosion and mangrove degradation. Recent mitigation strategies, developed through policies, plans and mangrove planting programs have not been successful, in part because the causes of coastal erosion were not adequately identified. This paper investigates the relationship between human activities and coastal erosion in Kien Giang province. This study used mixed methods to understand the causes of coastal erosion with an emphasis on human activities. In this investigation, local communities were involved as co-investigators to explore the causes of coastal erosion in Kien Giang province. While natural factors (adverse effects of climate change and sea level rise) have been widely reported as main causes of coastal erosion, human activities initially were not recognised by local communities as significant contributors to coastal erosion and mangrove degradation. Human activities such as poor aquaculture pond construction, poor construction of new and upgraded sections of the sea dyke system, mangrove afforestation using only a single species, mangrove cutting for commercial and domestic uses, and construction of local boating channels, and the interaction of anthropogenic activities and physical processes are significant contributors to erosion. The study resulted in the awareness of the impact of community activities on the coast being improved. Knowledge gaps and necessary policy changes are identified.
Nguyen Tan Phong; Kevin Parnell; Alison Cottrell. Human activities and coastal erosion on the Kien Giang coast, Vietnam. Journal of Coastal Conservation 2017, 21, 967 -979.
AMA StyleNguyen Tan Phong, Kevin Parnell, Alison Cottrell. Human activities and coastal erosion on the Kien Giang coast, Vietnam. Journal of Coastal Conservation. 2017; 21 (6):967-979.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen Tan Phong; Kevin Parnell; Alison Cottrell. 2017. "Human activities and coastal erosion on the Kien Giang coast, Vietnam." Journal of Coastal Conservation 21, no. 6: 967-979.