Artificial insemination is the main tool for the rapid dissemination of valuable germplasm to improve the genetic quality of farm animals. Freezing of spermatozoa of all the domestic species, is a challenging because of variation in size, shape and lipid composition of sperm from different species. Thus, a cryopreservation protocol for semen of one animal species, may not be necessarily ideal for other. Diluents used for semen cryopreservation of domestic animals generally contained similar ingredients. In case of goats, interactions between seminal plasma and egg yolk are deleterious to sperm, however such condition is not observed in other animal species. Therefore, a thorough understanding of sperm freezing in goat will improve the cryosurvivability and fertility of sperm. In this review, various methods for processing, freezing and thawing of buck semen and their effects on survival and fertility of spermatozoa through fertility tests or artificial insemination have been elaborated. The areas discussed in the review include the biochemical characteristics of semen, dilution rate, various diluents, osmolality, buffering capacity and pH of diluent, penetrating and non-penetrating sugars added, the role of cryoprotectants, freezing, thawing of semen and traditional and recent additives used for improving the post thaw semen quality.

The enhanced availability of functional fibroblasts from precious tissue samples requires an ideal cell-culture system. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the performance of caprine adult fibroblast cells (cadFibroblast) when cultivated in different culture media. The cadFibroblast cell lines from adult Barbari (Capra hircus) bucks were established and the effect of different media viz. DMEM/F-12 [with low-glucose (5.5 mM; DL) and high-glucose (30 mM; DH)], α-MEM [with low-glucose (5.5 mM; ML) and with high-glucose (30 mM; MH)], and fibroblast growth medium (FGM) were evaluated. Cells were then compared for growth characteristics and in-vitro dynamics through cellular morphology, proliferation, population-doubling time, double-immunocytochemistry, colony-forming units, wound healing, transwell migration, and differential expression of fibroblast-specific markers (FSP-1 and vimentin). The results of immunocytochemistry, transwell migration/invasion, and wound healing assays showed the superiority of DH over DL and other media tested. Whereas, similar effects of glucose supplementation and expression of FSP-1 were not observed in α-MEM. Transwell migration was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in FGM compared with other media tested. Overall, our results illustrate the media-dependent deviation in in-vitro dynamics and culture characteristics of cadFibroblasts that may be useful to develop strategies to cultivate these cells efficiently for research and downstream applications.