Antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to global food safety, particularly in unpasteurised dairy products. In the locality of Bwegera (South Kivu, DRC), livestock management practices promote the emergence of resistant bacterial strains, constituting a risk to public health. This study aimed to assess the resistance profile of enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from raw cow’s milk in Bwegera, and to identify farming practices associated with this antibiotic resistance. A total of 144 milk samples were collected from 12 farms and analyzed following the standards of the International Organization for Standardization and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute / European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing to identify bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family and to determine their susceptibility to various antibiotics. The analysis revealed a high prevalence of Escherichia coli (52.8%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.4%) and Citrobacter diversus (10.4%). Resistance was notably high for tetracyclines and vancomycin, affecting up to 95% of isolates, while amikacin remained fully effective (100% of isolates susceptible). Farming practices were characterised by frequent self-medication (83.3%) and a lack of awareness regarding antibiotic resistance (66.7%). Three farmer profiles were identified: one well-trained group misusing antibiotics, and another using antibiotics as feed additives. The majority of samples exhibited polymicrobial contamination (71.5%), with microbial loads often exceeding 300 CFU/mL. Inadequate sanitary and pharmaceutical practices foster resistant bacterial strains. Improved farmer education, stricter antibiotic regulations, and alternative interventions such as probiotics are needed within a ‘One Health’ framework.

Objectives: The objectives of the present work were to carry out a phytochemical and pharmacological study of total extracts of Cissampelos mucronata (Menispermaceae) leaves on Plasmodium falciparum. Methods: To achieve this we: harvested and dried the plant's leaves, and carried out phytochemical screening to detect the chemical substances contained in the plant; performed a chromatographic analysis to study the similarity of the chemical structures of these substances with modern antimalarial drugs; tested the in vitro antimalarial activity of extracts from this plant against modern antimalarial drugs: quinine, L-artem and Doxycycline. Results: The results obtained revealed that: the leaves of the Cissampelos mucronata plant (Menispermaceae) contain all the substances we're looking for, but at different levels; some of the active ingredients found in these leaves have chemical structures similar to those of the above-mentioned modern antimalarials, while others do not. Anti-malarial test confirms plant's activity against Plasmodim falciparum. Conclusion: alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, at 50%, terpenoids, lipoids, have a high concentration of active principle; saponins, phenols, terpenoids, are at 30%; steroids and quinones are at 20%. For thin-layer chromatology (TLC): In the aqueous extract of Cissampelos micronata(Menuspermaceae, there is one spot with a retention coefficient (Rf) equal to that of L-artm 0.9 and contains 5 different Rf spots; this means that the plant contains a single substance with a chemical structure similar to that of strong L-artm ; In the ethanolic extract of this plant, there is no substance with the same chemical structure as the antimalarial drugs in common use in the environment where they are used. Similarly, the ethanolic extract and the aqueous extract contain certain substances with the same chemical structure. In this plant, there is no active ingredient with the same chemical structure as doxycycline and cyprofloxacin. This has led us to conclude that the leaves of Cissampelos mucronata (Menispermaceae) need to be used by people in and around South Kivu province to treat malaria, but with caution, as the pharmaco-vigilance of this plant has not yet been elucidated.