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Magnus Land
The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (Formas), Box 1206, 111 82, Stockholm, Sweden

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Review
Published: 06 September 2019 in Environmental Evidence
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The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (Bti) is used in many countries as a biological larvicide to control dipteran insects of the suborder Nematocera, especially mosquitoes and black flies. Bti is generally accepted to be target-specific and efficient, with low potential for development of resistance among the target species. However, even though Bti may have minimal direct effects on non-target organisms, it might potentially be associated with knock-on effects on food webs and other ecosystem properties, including biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Evidence from previous research is mixed, with some finding no evidence for indirect effects on biodiversity and ecosystem-level properties, but others indicating that such effects are possible. The fact that many studies have been conducted by organisations coordinating the control programs, and that many of those studies have been published outside peer reviewed scientific journals, highlights the challenges for decision makers and others to assess the results of the existing studies. In this protocol we outline how we aim to systematically and transparently synthesise all available evidence in a forthcoming systematic review. We will use six bibliographic databases/platforms and the online search engines Google and Google Scholar in searches for literature. Searches will also be made on specialist websites. We will screen the search results for eligibility in stage one based on title and abstract, and in stage two based on the full text of the material. At stage one, after testing and clarifying the eligibility criteria, two reviewers will split and single screen the search results. At stage two the articles will be screened independently by two reviewers. We have developed a preliminary critical appraisal tool that will be used as basis for assessing study validity. Each study will be critically appraised independently by two reviewers. Disagreements will be reconciled through discussions seeking to reach consensus. It is unclear whether a quantitative synthesis based on meta-analysis will be feasible. A narrative synthesis will include descriptive statistics outlining the evidence base in terms of bibliographic information and study metadata. A narrative synthesis table in the form of an Excel spreadsheet will be provided.

ACS Style

Magnus Land; Mirco Bundschuh; Richard Hopkins; Brigitte Poulin; Brendan G. McKie. What are the effects of control of mosquitoes and other nematoceran Diptera using the microbial agent Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems? A systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence 2019, 8, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Magnus Land, Mirco Bundschuh, Richard Hopkins, Brigitte Poulin, Brendan G. McKie. What are the effects of control of mosquitoes and other nematoceran Diptera using the microbial agent Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems? A systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence. 2019; 8 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magnus Land; Mirco Bundschuh; Richard Hopkins; Brigitte Poulin; Brendan G. McKie. 2019. "What are the effects of control of mosquitoes and other nematoceran Diptera using the microbial agent Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems? A systematic review protocol." Environmental Evidence 8, no. 1: 1-11.

Chapter
Published: 05 July 2019 in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems
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Water quality in freshwater lakes and coastal areas has deteriorated in many densely populated areas with increasingly intensive agriculture. For example, eutrophication of aquatic environments has become a major environmental problem in large parts of the world. Biogeochemical transformations occurring in wetlands generally result in reduced nutrient content of water, but quite commonly these ecosystems have been drained or filled to create new forest and arable land. In recent decades efforts have been made to compensate for the losses of natural wetlands by creating new wetlands or restore drained wetlands. However, the large variation in measured nutrient removal rates in such wetlands has made it difficult to assess the effectiveness of such interventions. In this chapter we discuss the role of created wetlands in regulating water quality at the catchment scale. First, we pay attention to a recent systematic review of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in single wetlands in boreal, temperate and sub-tropical regions. Second, in a more focused case study, we evaluate the efficacy of large numbers of constructed wetlands in southern Sweden to remove nutrients from runoff in the context of the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. The removal efficiency of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in single wetlands is in general relatively high (median values are 37% and 46%, respectively). However, to make a significant difference on a catchment scale, more and larger wetland areas need to be created, and they need to be wisely placed where nutrient loading rates are high.

ACS Style

Magnus Land; Karin Tonderski; Jos T. A. Verhoeven. Wetlands as Biogeochemical Hotspots Affecting Water Quality in Catchments. Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems 2019, 13 -37.

AMA Style

Magnus Land, Karin Tonderski, Jos T. A. Verhoeven. Wetlands as Biogeochemical Hotspots Affecting Water Quality in Catchments. Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. 2019; ():13-37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magnus Land; Karin Tonderski; Jos T. A. Verhoeven. 2019. "Wetlands as Biogeochemical Hotspots Affecting Water Quality in Catchments." Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems , no. : 13-37.

Perspective
Published: 06 April 2019 in Water
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Wetlands are essential parts of Arctic landscapes, playing important roles for the sustainable development of the region, and linking to climate change and adaptation, ecosystem services, and the livelihood of local people. The effects of human and natural change drivers on key landscape characteristics of Arctic wetlands may be critical for ecosystem resilience, with some functional aspects still poorly understood. This paper reviews the scientific literature on change drivers for Arctic wetland landscapes, seeking to identify the main studied interactions among different drivers and landscape characteristics and their changes, as well as emerging research gaps in this context. In a total of 2232 studies of various aspects of Arctic wetland landscapes found in the literature, natural drivers and climate change have been the most studied change drivers so far, particularly regarding their impacts on carbon cycling, plant communities and biodiversity. In contrast, management plans, land use changes, and nutrient-pollutant loading, have not been investigated as much as human drivers of Arctic wetland change. This lack of study highlights essential gaps in wetland related research, and between such research and management of Arctic wetlands.

ACS Style

Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni; Zahra Kalantari; Magnus Land; Georgia Destouni. Change Drivers and Impacts in Arctic Wetland Landscapes—Literature Review and Gap Analysis. Water 2019, 11, 722 .

AMA Style

Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Zahra Kalantari, Magnus Land, Georgia Destouni. Change Drivers and Impacts in Arctic Wetland Landscapes—Literature Review and Gap Analysis. Water. 2019; 11 (4):722.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni; Zahra Kalantari; Magnus Land; Georgia Destouni. 2019. "Change Drivers and Impacts in Arctic Wetland Landscapes—Literature Review and Gap Analysis." Water 11, no. 4: 722.

Review
Published: 22 January 2018 in Environmental Evidence
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There is a concern that continued emissions of man-made per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may cause environmental and human health effects. Now widespread in human populations and in the environment, several PFASs are also present in remote regions of the world, but the environmental transport and fate of PFASs are not well understood. Phasing out the manufacture of some types of PFASs started in 2000 and further regulatory and voluntary actions have followed. The objective of this review is to understand the effects of these actions on global scale PFAS concentrations. Searches for primary research studies reporting on temporal variations of PFAS concentrations were performed in bibliographic databases, on the internet, through stakeholder contacts and in review bibliographies. No time, document type, language or geographical constraints were applied in the searches. Relevant subjects included human and environmental samples. Two authors screened all retrieved articles. Dual screening of 10% of the articles was performed at title/abstract and full-text levels by all authors. Kappa tests were used to test consistency. Relevant articles were critically appraised by four reviewers, with double checking of 20% of the articles by a second reviewer. Meta-analysis of included temporal trends was considered but judged to not be appropriate. The trends were therefore discussed in a narrative synthesis. Available evidence suggests that human concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) generally are declining, while previously increasing concentrations of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) have begun to level off. Rapid declines for PFOS-precursors (e.g. perfluorooctane sulfonamide, FOSA) have also been consistently observed in human studies. In contrast, limited data indicate that human concentrations of PFOS and PFOA are increasing in China where the production of these substances has increased. Human concentrations of longer-chained perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 9–14 carbon atoms are generally increasing or show insignificant trends with too low power to detect a trend. For abiotic and biological environmental samples there are no clear patterns of declining trends. Most substances show mixed results, and a majority of the trends are insignificant with low power to detect a trend. For electrochemically derived PFASs, including PFOS and PFOA, most human studies in North America and Europe show consistent statistically significant declines. This contrasts with findings in wildlife and in abiotic environmental samples, suggesting that declining PFOS, PFOS-precursor and PFOA concentrations in humans likely resulted from removal of certain PFASs from commercial products including paper and board used in food packaging. Increasing concentrations of long-chain PFCAs in most matrices, and in most regions, is likely due to increased use of alternative PFASs. Continued temporal trend monitoring in the environment with well-designed studies with high statistical power are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of past and continuing regulatory mitigation measures. For humans, more temporal trend studies are needed in regions where manufacturing is most intense, as the one human study available in China is much different than in North America or Europe.

ACS Style

Magnus Land; Cynthia de Wit; Anders Bignert; Ian Cousins; Dorte Herzke; Jana Johansson; Jonathan Martin. What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review. Environmental Evidence 2018, 7, 4 .

AMA Style

Magnus Land, Cynthia de Wit, Anders Bignert, Ian Cousins, Dorte Herzke, Jana Johansson, Jonathan Martin. What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review. Environmental Evidence. 2018; 7 (1):4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magnus Land; Cynthia de Wit; Anders Bignert; Ian Cousins; Dorte Herzke; Jana Johansson; Jonathan Martin. 2018. "What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review." Environmental Evidence 7, no. 1: 4.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2017 in Environmental Evidence
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Systematic reviews and systematic maps, regarded as a gold standard for syntheses of documented research evidence, are increasingly used to inform decisions in environmental management. To increase their relevance and uptake, systematic reviews and maps can be planned with the help and engagement of stakeholders, i.e. organisations and individuals involved in and affected by environmental policy-making and practice. We report on the emprically tested five-step approach that the Mistra Council for Evidence-based Environmental Management (EviEM) is using to engage stakeholders and incorporate their views and opinions in the prioritisation and planning of reviews, including (1) stakeholder identification; (2) identification of policy- and practice-relevant topics; (3) framing and prioritisation of review questions; (4) establishment of the specific scope of a review; and (5) a public review of a draft review protocol. We provide examples from EviEM’s reviews and describe various challenges and valuable lessons learnt from the engagement process, hoping that this will be useful reading not only for reviewers, but also for stakeholders who plan to participate in the engagement process.

ACS Style

Magnus Land; Biljana Macura; Claes Bernes; Sif Johansson. A five-step approach for stakeholder engagement in prioritisation and planning of environmental evidence syntheses. Environmental Evidence 2017, 6, 25 .

AMA Style

Magnus Land, Biljana Macura, Claes Bernes, Sif Johansson. A five-step approach for stakeholder engagement in prioritisation and planning of environmental evidence syntheses. Environmental Evidence. 2017; 6 (1):25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magnus Land; Biljana Macura; Claes Bernes; Sif Johansson. 2017. "A five-step approach for stakeholder engagement in prioritisation and planning of environmental evidence syntheses." Environmental Evidence 6, no. 1: 25.

Review
Published: 17 April 2017 in Environmental Evidence
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Soils are important global carbon pools that are under threat from intensive land use through a variety of agricultural practices. Sustainable management of agricultural soils may have the potential to mitigate climate change through increased carbon sequestration and increase their fertility. Among management practices to increase carbon sequestration, crop rotation designs have often been tested on yield effects in long-term agricultural experiments. However, in these studies, soil organic carbon (SOC) was monitored but not always the key objective. Thus, here we provide a method for a systematic review to test the effects of common crop rotations on SOC sequestration to provide evidence on the most sustainable management regimes that can promote SOC storage. This systematic review incorporates studies concerning selected crop rotations (rotations-vs-monocultures, legumes-vs-no legumes, and perennials-vs-annuals) collated in a recently completed systematic map on the effect of agricultural management on SOC, restricted to boreo-temperate systems (i.e., the warm temperate climate zone). Some 208 studies relevant for this systematic review were identified in the systematic map. An update of the original search (September 2013) will be undertaken to identify newly published academic and grey literature. Studies will be critically appraised for their internal and external validity, followed by full data extraction (meta-data describing study settings and quantitative study results). Where possible, studies will be included in meta-analyses examining the effects of the different rotational practices. Implications of the findings will be discussed in terms of policy, practice and research, and the nature of the evidence base.

ACS Style

Magnus Land; Neal R Haddaway; Katarina Hedlund; Helene Bracht Jørgensen; Thomas Kätterer; Per-Erik Isberg. How do selected crop rotations affect soil organic carbon in boreo-temperate systems? A systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence 2017, 6, 9 .

AMA Style

Magnus Land, Neal R Haddaway, Katarina Hedlund, Helene Bracht Jørgensen, Thomas Kätterer, Per-Erik Isberg. How do selected crop rotations affect soil organic carbon in boreo-temperate systems? A systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence. 2017; 6 (1):9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magnus Land; Neal R Haddaway; Katarina Hedlund; Helene Bracht Jørgensen; Thomas Kätterer; Per-Erik Isberg. 2017. "How do selected crop rotations affect soil organic carbon in boreo-temperate systems? A systematic review protocol." Environmental Evidence 6, no. 1: 9.

Review
Published: 01 February 2017 in Environment International
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Systematic reviews are becoming a widely accepted gold standard in evidence synthesis for evidence-based and -informed policy and practice. Many organisations exist to coordinate the registration, conduct and publication of systematic reviews across a range of disciplines, including medicine, international development, and environmental management and biodiversity conservation. As the term 'systematic review' becomes more widely recognised, however, there is a risk that stakeholders may have only partial understanding of the rigorous methods required to produce a reliable systematic review. Here, we highlight one such example from the field of education and international development, where a World Bank report claimed to 'systematically review' six 'systematic reviews' that found divergent results. We critically appraise the six included reviews and the World Bank report itself using an a priori quality assessment tool. Our analysis shows that none of the six included reviews are classifiable as systematic reviews according to widely accepted criteria. We also find that the World Bank report failed to use true systematic review methods to synthesise the included reviews findings. Our study demonstrates the risks associated with partial understanding of the added value associated with systematic reviews and highlights a need for improved awareness of what systematic reviews are.

ACS Style

Neal R Haddaway; Magnus Land; Biljana Macura. “A little learning is a dangerous thing”: A call for better understanding of the term ‘systematic review’. Environment International 2017, 99, 356 -360.

AMA Style

Neal R Haddaway, Magnus Land, Biljana Macura. “A little learning is a dangerous thing”: A call for better understanding of the term ‘systematic review’. Environment International. 2017; 99 ():356-360.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neal R Haddaway; Magnus Land; Biljana Macura. 2017. "“A little learning is a dangerous thing”: A call for better understanding of the term ‘systematic review’." Environment International 99, no. : 356-360.

Review
Published: 09 May 2016 in Environmental Evidence
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ACS Style

Magnus Land; Wilhelm Granéli; Anders Grimvall; Carl Christian Hoffmann; William J. Mitsch; Karin S. Tonderski; Jos T. A. Verhoeven. How effective are created or restored freshwater wetlands for nitrogen and phosphorus removal? A systematic review. Environmental Evidence 2016, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Magnus Land, Wilhelm Granéli, Anders Grimvall, Carl Christian Hoffmann, William J. Mitsch, Karin S. Tonderski, Jos T. A. Verhoeven. How effective are created or restored freshwater wetlands for nitrogen and phosphorus removal? A systematic review. Environmental Evidence. 2016; 5 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magnus Land; Wilhelm Granéli; Anders Grimvall; Carl Christian Hoffmann; William J. Mitsch; Karin S. Tonderski; Jos T. A. Verhoeven. 2016. "How effective are created or restored freshwater wetlands for nitrogen and phosphorus removal? A systematic review." Environmental Evidence 5, no. 1: 1.

Review
Published: 01 January 2015 in Environmental Evidence
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There is a growing concern in Sweden and elsewhere that continued emissions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may cause environmental as well as human health effects. PFASs are a broad class of man-made substances that have been produced and used in both commercial products and industrial processes for more than 60 years. Although the production and use of some PFASs has been phased-out in some parts of the world, it is not known what effect these actions to date have had on PFAS concentrations in the environment. Owing to the wide diversity of PFASs, it is difficult to generalize their properties, environmental fate and production histories. However, the strength and stability of the C-F bond renders the perfluoroalkyl moieties resistant to heat and environmental degradation. Several PFASs are now occurring even in very remote areas in large parts of the world, but the environmental transport and fate of substances within this group is not well understood. A systematic review may be able to determine whether the concentrations of these substances in different environments are changing in any particular direction with time, and whether the phase-outs have had any effects on the concentration trends.

ACS Style

Magnus Land; Cynthia A De Wit; Ian Cousins; Dorte Herzke; Jana Johansson; Jonathan W Martin. What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence 2015, 4, 3 .

AMA Style

Magnus Land, Cynthia A De Wit, Ian Cousins, Dorte Herzke, Jana Johansson, Jonathan W Martin. What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence. 2015; 4 (1):3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magnus Land; Cynthia A De Wit; Ian Cousins; Dorte Herzke; Jana Johansson; Jonathan W Martin. 2015. "What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review protocol." Environmental Evidence 4, no. 1: 3.

Review
Published: 01 January 2013 in Environmental Evidence
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Eutrophication of aquatic environments is a major environmental problem in large parts of the world. In Europe, EU legislation (the Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive), international conventions (OSPAR, HELCOM) and national environmental objectives emphasize the need to reduce the input of plant nutrients to freshwater and marine environments. A widely used method to achieve this is to let water pass through a constructed or restored wetland (CW). However, the large variation in measured nutrient removal rates in such wetlands calls for a systematic review. The objective of this review is to quantify nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates in constructed or restored wetlands and relate them to wetland characteristics, loading characteristics, and climate factors. Wetlands are created to treat water from a number of different sources. Sources that will be considered in this review include agricultural runoff and urban storm water run-off, as well as aquaculture wastewater and outlets from domestic wastewater treatment plants, with particular attention to the situation in Sweden. Although the performance of wetlands in temperate and boreal regions is most relevant to the Swedish stakeholders a wider range of climatic conditions will be considered in order to make a thorough evaluation of climatic factors.

ACS Style

Magnus Land; Wilhelm Granéli; Anders Grimvall; Carl C Hoffmann; William J Mitsch; Karin S Tonderski; Jos Ta Verhoeven. How effective are created or restored freshwater wetlands for nitrogen and phosphorus removal? A systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence 2013, 2, 16 .

AMA Style

Magnus Land, Wilhelm Granéli, Anders Grimvall, Carl C Hoffmann, William J Mitsch, Karin S Tonderski, Jos Ta Verhoeven. How effective are created or restored freshwater wetlands for nitrogen and phosphorus removal? A systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence. 2013; 2 (1):16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magnus Land; Wilhelm Granéli; Anders Grimvall; Carl C Hoffmann; William J Mitsch; Karin S Tonderski; Jos Ta Verhoeven. 2013. "How effective are created or restored freshwater wetlands for nitrogen and phosphorus removal? A systematic review protocol." Environmental Evidence 2, no. 1: 16.