Brief Description: The results demonstrate that the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) scale provides the best recurrence and progression prediction in comparison with European Association of Urology (EAU) and Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico (CUETO) risk scores among a mixed population of patients with non–muscle‐invasive bladder who were treated with, or without, Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) and without any immediate postoperative chemotherapy. The study highlights the role of tumor diameter and extent in transition prediction.This retrospective cohort analysis of 322 patients with newly diagnosed non–muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) assesses the concordance and accuracy of predicting recurrence and progression by EAU‐recommended tools (EAU risk groups, EORTC, and CUETO). One‐year and five‐year c‐indices ranged from 0.55 to 0.66 for recurrence and from 0.72 to 0.82 for progression. AUCROC of predictions ranged from 0.46 for 1‐year recurrence risk based on CUETO groups, to 0.82 for 1‐year progression risk based on EAU risk groups. Diameter (HR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.39‐2.61) and tumor extent (HR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.01‐1.46 for recurrence; HR: 3.1; 95% CI: 1.40‐6.87 for progression) were shown to be significant predictors in multistate analysis. Lower accuracy of prediction was observed for patients treated with BCG maintenance immunotherapy. The EORTC model (overall c‐index c = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.61‐0.68) was superior to the EAU (P = .035; .62; 95% CI: 0.59‐0.66) and CUETO (P < .001; c = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.50‐0.56) models in predicting recurrence. The EORTC model (c = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.77‐0.86) also performed better than CUETO (P = .008; c = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.66‐0.81) but there was no sufficient evidence that it performed better than EAU (P = .572; c = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.77‐0.84) for predicting progression. EORTC and CUETO gave similar predictions for progression in BCG‐treated EAU high‐risk patients (P = .48). We share anonymized individual patient data. In conclusion, despite moderate accuracy, EORTC provided the best recurrence and progression prediction for a mixed population of patients treated with, or without BCG, and without immediate postoperative chemotherapy.

Pathophysiological changes in the prostate gland—benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa)—are closely related to the age of men. In the prostate gland, zinc is of particular importance for its proper functioning, especially with regard to the effects of hormonal disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate zinc, copper and selenium concentrations in different parts of the prostate gland in relation to age and the nature of pathological changes. Zinc and copper were determined by the AAS method and selenium by the spectrofluorometric method. The concentration of zinc in the central part of the prostate increases with age, and in patients over 36 years it is twice as high as in the peripheral part, where no increase in the level of this element was observed with the age of patients. The above data confirm a possible influence of zinc on the formation of PCa (located mostly in the peripheral part of the prostate, with low levels of zinc) and BPH in the central part where the levels of this element are the highest. The results apparently confirm the disturbed homeostasis of zinc and other essential elements in the etiology of BPH and PCa.

Objective: Develop a pioneer surgical anonymization algorithm for reliable and accurate real-time removal of out-of-body images validated across various robotic platforms. Background: The use of surgical video data has become a common practice in enhancing research and training. Video sharing requires complete anonymization, which, in the case of endoscopic surgery, entails the removal of all nonsurgical video frames where the endoscope can record the patient or operating room staff. To date, no openly available algorithmic solution for surgical anonymization offers reliable real-time anonymization for video streaming, which is also robotic-platform and procedure-independent. Methods: A data set of 63 surgical videos of 6 procedures performed on four robotic systems was annotated for out-of-body sequences. The resulting 496.828 images were used to develop a deep learning algorithm that automatically detected out-of-body frames. Our solution was subsequently benchmarked against existing anonymization methods. In addition, we offer a postprocessing step to enhance the performance and test a low-cost setup for real-time anonymization during live surgery streaming. Results: Framewise anonymization yielded a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve score of 99.46% on unseen procedures, increasing to 99.89% after postprocessing. Our Robotic Anonymization Network outperforms previous state-of-the-art algorithms, even on unseen procedural types, despite the fact that alternative solutions are explicitly trained using these procedures. Conclusions: Our deep learning model, Robotic Anonymization Network, offers reliable, accurate, and safe real-time anonymization during complex and lengthy surgical procedures regardless of the robotic platform. The model can be used in real time for surgical live streaming and is openly available.

The Central European Journal of Urology is an open access quarterly-issued journal, which provides a forum for the presentation of original clinical, experimental and other research studies...

Background: Apparent clinical complete response after neoadjuvant or multidisciplinary therapy in non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer has renewed interest in omitting or deferring radical cystectomy for selected patients. The central uncertainty is whether favorable endoscopic, cytologic, pathological sampling, and imaging findings can exclude both residual intravesical disease and occult systemic minimal residual disease with sufficient confidence to justify de-escalation. Main body: We performed a decision-focused structured narrative review, updated through 5 June 2026, and an aggregate-data Bayesian calibration analysis. The review was designed to examine the post-treatment pre-omission decision point, not to establish a validated clinical pathway. Recent systematic evidence shows that clinical complete response definitions are heterogeneous and that concordance between clinical and pathological complete response is moderate. Using the pooled cCR-pCR concordance estimate as a pretest anchor, the residual probability of pathological disease after apparent cCR is approximately 49%. A negative molecular restaging layer would therefore need a negative likelihood ratio of about 0.12 to reduce residual disease probability below 10%, about 0.18 to reduce it below 15%, and about 0.26 to reduce it below 20%. Organ-preservation cohorts, trimodality therapy experience, and emerging immune-checkpoint-inhibitor strategies show feasibility, but they do not remove the need for stringent local reassessment, histology-aware selection, advanced imaging where appropriate, rapid salvage pathways, and prospective validation. Plasma circulating tumor DNA and urine tumor DNA should be interpreted as complementary, non-interchangeable readouts: plasma is more closely aligned with systemic molecular residual disease, whereas urine more directly samples intravesical tumor shedding. Conclusions: Clinical complete response should be treated as a residual-risk state rather than proof of cure. Dual-negative plasma and urine tumor-DNA results may provide the strongest biological support for surveillance, but only within expert multidisciplinary programs or prospective protocols. Urine-positive-only, plasma-positive-only, dual-positive, and indeterminate states require prespecified actions before dual-compartment restaging is used routinely.

Background/Purpose: Pelvic nodal irradiation (PNI) can cause radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) in prostate cancer patients, yet PNI decisions rely on disease features without bone marrow vulnerability assessment. We tested whether sacral bone geometry on planning CT predicts grade ≥2 RIL independently of PNI and age.Methods: Radiation planning CTs from 260 consecutive VMAT-treated prostate cancer patients at a single institution were analyzed. TotalSegmentator v2 was used to segment pelvic bones and PyRadiomics was used to extract 14 sacral shape features. Associations with RIL were tested with Bonferroni correction. Cross-validated (5-fold × 20 repeats) AUC analyses were used to compare nested logistic models.Results: The cohort included 260 patients (median age 70); 82 (32%) received PNI. Grade ≥2 lymphopenia occurred in 120 patients (46.2%), with grade ≥3 in 48 (18.5%). Sacral flatness was associated with lymphopenia (OR 1.82/SD, 95% CI 1.31–2.53, p<0.001), improving cross-validated AUC from 0.757 to 0.825 over age and PNI. Sacral flatness was uncorrelated with all sacral DVH metrics (|r|<0.03), platelet or hemoglobin levels, muscle volume, or ADT status. Among 10 pelvic bones, only sacral flatness was significantly associated with lymphopenia. Stratification by sacral flatness tertile and PNI yielded lymphopenia rates from 23% to 97%. Decision curve analysis showed net benefit for lymphopenia prediction across thresholds 6–95%. Grade ≥2 lymphopenia was associated with worse OS (adjusted HR 2.69, 95% CI 1.34–5.42; RMST difference 2.5 months at 3 years).Conclusions: Available from planning CT before plan generation, sacral bone flatness is a pre-treatment anatomical marker of bone marrow vulnerability that predicts RIL independently of radiation dose, ADT use, and body composition. This automated biomarker warrants investigation for immune-sparing planning when PNI is indicated.