Stroke-induced hand motor dysfunction severely limits activities of daily living (ADL). While conventional systems face challenges in portability and sustained actuation accuracy, this work addresses these limitations through an integrated adaptive control framework and a lightweight 10-degrees-of-freedom (DoFs) tendon-driven exoskeleton. The system employs a rigid–flexible coupling design with a wearable mass under 300 g, ensuring compatibility across various finger lengths. The system is implemented via a motor imagery-based brain–computer interface (MI-BCI); by processing 64-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, the system adaptively maps motor intent into three discrete grasp intensity levels (20%, 50%, and 80% maximum voluntary contraction). To reduce cognitive load and enhance system stability during rehabilitation, we propose a novel “Force–Topology Coupling” control paradigm. This paradigm functions as a synergistic filter, leveraging the correlation between intended effort level (IEL) and grasp taxonomy to map intensity levels to ADL-specific grasps (lateral, precision, and power). Validation with healthy subjects demonstrated 0° to 90° joint mobility and the successful execution of 9 ADL tasks. The results verify the efficacy of utilizing adaptive MI-BCI modulation to trigger biomechanically precise assistance, establishing a foundational computational paradigm with significant potential for clinical stroke rehabilitation.