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Carla Sofia Farinha
CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus Da Caparica, Caparica, Portugal

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Research article
Published: 14 February 2021 in International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
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The field of sustainability has evolved considerably since the report “Our Common Future” was published in 1987. Whereas matters related to sustainable development used to be of marginal interest in the 1980s, it has substantially evolved since, and have become mainstream. As a result, there is a plethora of research on different aspects, whose focus has also been influenced by societal developments. This line of thinking also applies to sustainability research in higher education, a special and central field. Unfortunately, the variety of research on matters of sustainable development in universities makes it difficult to obtain an insight into its current status, and to ascertain how it has evolved since 1987. Based on the perceived need to fill this gap, a study focusing on the evolution of university-based sustainability research literature has been undertaken. The study entailed approximately 1700 papers published between 1987 and 2019, being one of the most comprehensive studies on this field ever undertaken. Apart from performing a bibliometric analysis using science mapping software tools, the research clustered the research into some key areas. The results suggest that, whereas impressive, the evolution of university-based sustainability research has been uneven, and calls for a more balanced emphasis to as to cover some research areas which have so far been neglected. The implications of this work are twofold: it will support the further development of the university-based sustainability research literature, and will help to address some thematic gaps, which are seen today, and to which greater attention is needed.

ACS Style

Walter Leal Filho; Markus Will; Chris Shiel; Arminda Paço; Carla Sofia Farinha; Violeta Orlovic Lovren; Lucas Veiga Avila; Johannes (Joost) Platje; Ayyoob Sharifi; Claudio R.P. Vasconcelos; Barbara Maria Fritzen Gomes; Amanda Lange Salvia; Rosley Anholon; Izabella Rampasso; Osvaldo L.G. Quelhas; Antonis Skouloudis. Towards a common future: revising the evolution of university-based sustainability research literature. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2021, 28, 503 -517.

AMA Style

Walter Leal Filho, Markus Will, Chris Shiel, Arminda Paço, Carla Sofia Farinha, Violeta Orlovic Lovren, Lucas Veiga Avila, Johannes (Joost) Platje, Ayyoob Sharifi, Claudio R.P. Vasconcelos, Barbara Maria Fritzen Gomes, Amanda Lange Salvia, Rosley Anholon, Izabella Rampasso, Osvaldo L.G. Quelhas, Antonis Skouloudis. Towards a common future: revising the evolution of university-based sustainability research literature. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 2021; 28 (6):503-517.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Walter Leal Filho; Markus Will; Chris Shiel; Arminda Paço; Carla Sofia Farinha; Violeta Orlovic Lovren; Lucas Veiga Avila; Johannes (Joost) Platje; Ayyoob Sharifi; Claudio R.P. Vasconcelos; Barbara Maria Fritzen Gomes; Amanda Lange Salvia; Rosley Anholon; Izabella Rampasso; Osvaldo L.G. Quelhas; Antonis Skouloudis. 2021. "Towards a common future: revising the evolution of university-based sustainability research literature." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 28, no. 6: 503-517.

Article
Published: 06 January 2021 in Environment, Development and Sustainability
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global crisis, one which also influences the ways sustainability is being taught at universities. This paper undertakes an analysis of the extent to which COVID-19 as a whole and the lockdown it triggered in particular, which has led to the suspension of presence-based teaching in universities worldwide and influenced teaching on matters related to sustainable development. By means of a worldwide survey involving higher education institutions across all continents, the study has identified a number of patterns, trends and problems. The results from the study show that the epidemic has significantly affected teaching practices. The lockdowns have led to a surge in the use of on-line communication tools as a partial replacement to normal lessons. In addition, many faculty teaching sustainability in higher education have strong competencies in digital literacy. The sampled higher education educations have—as a whole—adequate infrastructure to continue to teach during the lockdowns. Finally, the majority of the sample revealed that they miss the interactions via direct face-to-face student engagement, which is deemed as necessary for the effective teaching of sustainability content. The implications of this paper are two-fold. Firstly, it describes how sustainability teaching on sustainable development has been affected by the lockdown. Secondly, it describes some of the solutions deployed to overcome the problem. Finally, the paper outlines the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic may serve the purpose of showing how university teaching on sustainability may be improved in the future, taking more advantage of modern information technologies.

ACS Style

Walter Leal Filho; Elizabeth Price; Tony Wall; Chris Shiel; Ulisses M. Azeiteiro; Mark Mifsud; Luciana Brandli; Carla Sofia Farinha; Sandra Caeiro; Amanda Lange Salvia; Claudio Ruy Vasconcelos; Luiza Olim de Sousa; Paul Pace; Federica Doni; Lucas Veiga Avila; Bárbara Fritzen; Todd Jared LeVasseur. COVID-19: the impact of a global crisis on sustainable development teaching. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2021, 23, 11257 -11278.

AMA Style

Walter Leal Filho, Elizabeth Price, Tony Wall, Chris Shiel, Ulisses M. Azeiteiro, Mark Mifsud, Luciana Brandli, Carla Sofia Farinha, Sandra Caeiro, Amanda Lange Salvia, Claudio Ruy Vasconcelos, Luiza Olim de Sousa, Paul Pace, Federica Doni, Lucas Veiga Avila, Bárbara Fritzen, Todd Jared LeVasseur. COVID-19: the impact of a global crisis on sustainable development teaching. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2021; 23 (8):11257-11278.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Walter Leal Filho; Elizabeth Price; Tony Wall; Chris Shiel; Ulisses M. Azeiteiro; Mark Mifsud; Luciana Brandli; Carla Sofia Farinha; Sandra Caeiro; Amanda Lange Salvia; Claudio Ruy Vasconcelos; Luiza Olim de Sousa; Paul Pace; Federica Doni; Lucas Veiga Avila; Bárbara Fritzen; Todd Jared LeVasseur. 2021. "COVID-19: the impact of a global crisis on sustainable development teaching." Environment, Development and Sustainability 23, no. 8: 11257-11278.

Research article
Published: 23 December 2020 in International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
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Private universities also play a key role in the sustainability debate. But despite their importance, there a shortage of research on how sustainability is being implemented at private universities. Based on the need to address this gap, this paper investigates the nature and diversity of sustainability-based practices undertaken at private universities. It outlines the ways private universities see and perceive sustainability, and examines by means of a survey involving 10 universities from across all geographical regions which educate over 150.000 students, how these universities incorporate sustainability-related practices, as part of their operations. The results suggest that, unlike their public counterparts, about half of the respondents stated that they do not have projects undertaken to promote sustainability in local communities or in their respective regions. Also, some private universities perceive themselves as leaders in sustainability in higher education, while some are still developing a more robust sustainability profile. The conclusions of the paper are that the special features related to sustainable development teaching and research at private universities need to be better identified, in order to involve them more on sustainability efforts. Also, whereas many of them are highly engaged on improving energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote sustainable water usage and promote sustainable landscaping, there is a need for them to also engage in other areas. Finally, private universities should engage on further efforts to increase their sustainability activities, which are beneficial to them in financial terms, as well as in respect of their image and their operations.

ACS Style

Walter Leal Filho; Marina Kovaleva; Barbara Fritzen Gomes; Hubert Fudjumdjum; Kay Emblen-Perry; Johannes (Joost) Platje; Liza Tuladhar; Claudio R.P. Vasconcelos; Todd Jared LeVasseur; Aprajita Minhas; Carla Sofia Farinha; Marian Buil-Fabregá; Isabel Novo-Corti; Diana-Mihaela Țîrcă; Dênis Antônio da Cunha. Sustainability practices at private universities: a state-of-the-art assessment. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2020, 28, 402 -416.

AMA Style

Walter Leal Filho, Marina Kovaleva, Barbara Fritzen Gomes, Hubert Fudjumdjum, Kay Emblen-Perry, Johannes (Joost) Platje, Liza Tuladhar, Claudio R.P. Vasconcelos, Todd Jared LeVasseur, Aprajita Minhas, Carla Sofia Farinha, Marian Buil-Fabregá, Isabel Novo-Corti, Diana-Mihaela Țîrcă, Dênis Antônio da Cunha. Sustainability practices at private universities: a state-of-the-art assessment. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 2020; 28 (5):402-416.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Walter Leal Filho; Marina Kovaleva; Barbara Fritzen Gomes; Hubert Fudjumdjum; Kay Emblen-Perry; Johannes (Joost) Platje; Liza Tuladhar; Claudio R.P. Vasconcelos; Todd Jared LeVasseur; Aprajita Minhas; Carla Sofia Farinha; Marian Buil-Fabregá; Isabel Novo-Corti; Diana-Mihaela Țîrcă; Dênis Antônio da Cunha. 2020. "Sustainability practices at private universities: a state-of-the-art assessment." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 28, no. 5: 402-416.

Earlycite article
Published: 14 March 2020 in International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education
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Purpose This study aims to expand knowledge and provide further insights on how education for sustainable development (ESD) has been integrated into programmes at higher education institutions (HEIs) in Portugal. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey was given to key actors in charge of sustainability implementation at each Portuguese public university. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with 13 of the survey respondents and the data were analysed. Findings Results showed that Portuguese public universities have their own strategies and policies on ESD, leading them to introduce initiatives arising from their proactiveness rather than governmental edicts. Some universities implemented ESD planning and beneficial “green” practices such as waste separation and recycling and ways to reduce energy consumption that can be a result of the improvement after the United Nations Decade 2005-2014. However, these actions seem to have been taken in isolation and not holistically integrated. Universities face many barriers including lack of funding, not properly trained people and inept government policies. They also must overcome challenges in implementing ESD. Research limitations/implications This research into the implementation of ESD has a national scope; the findings should be interpreted only in a Portuguese university context despite the high number of interviewees. Practical implications The study has increased knowledge, provided further insights on how ESD has been integrated at HEIs and provided examples of integrated practices at Portuguese universities. A Sustainability4U platform was proposed for enhancing awareness of the need for increasing sustainable development. Originality/value This study contributes to defining a country’s profile and how to implement sustainability in HEIs. The importance of obtaining information from key actors in sustainability at Portuguese public universities was highlighted.

ACS Style

Carla Farinha; Sandra Caeiro; Ulisses Azeiteiro. Universities speak up regarding the implementation of sustainable development challenges. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 2020, 21, 465 -506.

AMA Style

Carla Farinha, Sandra Caeiro, Ulisses Azeiteiro. Universities speak up regarding the implementation of sustainable development challenges. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 2020; 21 (3):465-506.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Farinha; Sandra Caeiro; Ulisses Azeiteiro. 2020. "Universities speak up regarding the implementation of sustainable development challenges." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 21, no. 3: 465-506.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2019 in Sustainability
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The Copernicus Declaration of 1994, which was understood as a commitment to sustainable development (SD) by top management in higher education, was signed by many universities. This signature worked as an important driver for these institutions to put different dimensions of SD principles into practice. In Portugal, a Southern European country, six of the fourteen universities belonging to the Portuguese University Rectors Council signed the declaration, but no attempt has been made to evaluate how these public universities integrated education for sustainable development at policy and strategy levels. This paper presents the results of a study aimed at identifying to what extent the integration of sustainability in the fourteen universities was achieved, through their own strategic and activity plans and activity and sustainability reports. A detailed content analysis was conducted on these plans and reports within the period from 2005 to 2014 (the time frame of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development), to identify the main commitments and practices. Notwithstanding a lack of national integrated strategies or policies related to education for SD, the results show that the movement made progress at the university level, with good examples and initiatives at several universities. This paper highlights the importance of analyzing the content of plans and reports from higher education institutions (HEIs) when intending to assess and define a country profile for the implementation of sustainability in the educational sector. In addition, this research, conducted in Portugal, may be helpful to understand and value how SD is being applied in the policies and strategies of other European HEIs, as well as to share and encourage best practices and ways of improvement.

ACS Style

Carla Farinha; Sandra Caeiro; Ulisses Azeiteiro. Sustainability Strategies in Portuguese Higher Education Institutions: Commitments and Practices from Internal Insights. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3227 .

AMA Style

Carla Farinha, Sandra Caeiro, Ulisses Azeiteiro. Sustainability Strategies in Portuguese Higher Education Institutions: Commitments and Practices from Internal Insights. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (11):3227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Farinha; Sandra Caeiro; Ulisses Azeiteiro. 2019. "Sustainability Strategies in Portuguese Higher Education Institutions: Commitments and Practices from Internal Insights." Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3227.

Journal article
Published: 03 April 2019 in The Lancet
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Summary Background Suboptimal diet is an important preventable risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs); however, its impact on the burden of NCDs has not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of major foods and nutrients across 195 countries and to quantify the impact of their suboptimal intake on NCD mortality and morbidity. Methods By use of a comparative risk assessment approach, we estimated the proportion of disease-specific burden attributable to each dietary risk factor (also referred to as population attributable fraction) among adults aged 25 years or older. The main inputs to this analysis included the intake of each dietary factor, the effect size of the dietary factor on disease endpoint, and the level of intake associated with the lowest risk of mortality. Then, by use of disease-specific population attributable fractions, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), we calculated the number of deaths and DALYs attributable to diet for each disease outcome. Findings In 2017, 11 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 10–12) deaths and 255 million (234–274) DALYs were attributable to dietary risk factors. High intake of sodium (3 million [1–5] deaths and 70 million [34–118] DALYs), low intake of whole grains (3 million [2–4] deaths and 82 million [59–109] DALYs), and low intake of fruits (2 million [1–4] deaths and 65 million [41–92] DALYs) were the leading dietary risk factors for deaths and DALYs globally and in many countries. Dietary data were from mixed sources and were not available for all countries, increasing the statistical uncertainty of our estimates. Interpretation This study provides a comprehensive picture of the potential impact of suboptimal diet on NCD mortality and morbidity, highlighting the need for improving diet across nations. Our findings will inform implementation of evidence-based dietary interventions and provide a platform for evaluation of their impact on human health annually. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ACS Style

Ashkan Afshin; Patrick John Sur; Kairsten A. Fay; Leslie Cornaby; Giannina Ferrara; Joseph S Salama; Erin C Mullany; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Zegeye Abebe; Mohsen Afarideh; Anju Aggarwal; Sutapa Agrawal; Tomi Akinyemiju; Fares Alahdab; Umar Bacha; Victoria F Bachman; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Isabela M Bensenor; Eduardo Bernabe; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Stan H Biryukov; Leah E Cahill; Juan J Carrero; Kelly M. Cercy; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Anh Kim Dang; Meaza Girma Degefa; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Jessica Fanzo; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Valery L. Feigin; Joao C Fernandes; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A. Foigt; Mohammad H Forouzanfar; Morsaleh Ganji; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Richard F Gillum; Alessandra C Goulart; Giuseppe Grosso; Idris Guessous; Samer Hamidi; Graeme J. Hankey; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Simon I. Hay; Chi Linh Hoang; Masako Horino; Nayu Ikeda; Farhad Islami; Maria D. Jackson; Spencer L. James; Lars Johansson; Jost B. Jonas; Amir Kasaeian; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Young-Ho Khang; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yoshihiro Kokubo; G Anil Kumar; Tea Lallukka; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Reza Malekzadeh; Winfried März; Toni Meier; Yohannes A Melaku; Walter Mendoza; Gert Mensink; Renata Micha; Ted R Miller; Mojde Mirarefin; Viswanathan Mohan; Ali H Mokdad; Dariush Mozaffarian; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Molly R Nixon; Kanyin L Ong; David M. Pereira; Hossein Poustchi; Mostafa Qorbani; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Christian Razo-García; Colin D Rehm; Juan A Rivera; Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A Roth; Juan Sanabria; Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta; Benn Sartorius; Josef Schmidhuber; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Min-Jeong Shin; Reed J.D. Sorensen; Marco Springmann; Lucjan Szponar; Andrew L Thorne-Lyman; Amanda G Thrift; Mathilde Touvier; Bach Xuan Tran; Stefanos Tyrovolas; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja; Irfan Ullah; Olalekan A Uthman; Masoud Vaezghasemi; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Stein Emil Vollset; Theo Vos; Giang Thu Vu; Linh Gia Vu; Elisabete Weiderpass; Andrea Werdecker; Tissa Wijeratne; Walter C Willett; Jason H Wu; Gelin Xu; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Christopher J L Murray. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2019, 393, 1958 -1972.

AMA Style

Ashkan Afshin, Patrick John Sur, Kairsten A. Fay, Leslie Cornaby, Giannina Ferrara, Joseph S Salama, Erin C Mullany, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Zegeye Abebe, Mohsen Afarideh, Anju Aggarwal, Sutapa Agrawal, Tomi Akinyemiju, Fares Alahdab, Umar Bacha, Victoria F Bachman, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Isabela M Bensenor, Eduardo Bernabe, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Stan H Biryukov, Leah E Cahill, Juan J Carrero, Kelly M. Cercy, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Meaza Girma Degefa, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Jessica Fanzo, Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha, Maryam S Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L. Feigin, Joao C Fernandes, Luisa Sorio Flor, Nataliya A. Foigt, Mohammad H Forouzanfar, Morsaleh Ganji, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Richard F Gillum, Alessandra C Goulart, Giuseppe Grosso, Idris Guessous, Samer Hamidi, Graeme J. Hankey, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Simon I. Hay, Chi Linh Hoang, Masako Horino, Nayu Ikeda, Farhad Islami, Maria D. Jackson, Spencer L. James, Lars Johansson, Jost B. Jonas, Amir Kasaeian, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Young-Ho Khang, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yoshihiro Kokubo, G Anil Kumar, Tea Lallukka, Alan D Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Reza Malekzadeh, Winfried März, Toni Meier, Yohannes A Melaku, Walter Mendoza, Gert Mensink, Renata Micha, Ted R Miller, Mojde Mirarefin, Viswanathan Mohan, Ali H Mokdad, Dariush Mozaffarian, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Molly R Nixon, Kanyin L Ong, David M. Pereira, Hossein Poustchi, Mostafa Qorbani, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Christian Razo-García, Colin D Rehm, Juan A Rivera, Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez, Gholamreza Roshandel, Gregory A Roth, Juan Sanabria, Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta, Benn Sartorius, Josef Schmidhuber, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Min-Jeong Shin, Reed J.D. Sorensen, Marco Springmann, Lucjan Szponar, Andrew L Thorne-Lyman, Amanda G Thrift, Mathilde Touvier, Bach Xuan Tran, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Irfan Ullah, Olalekan A Uthman, Masoud Vaezghasemi, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Giang Thu Vu, Linh Gia Vu, Elisabete Weiderpass, Andrea Werdecker, Tissa Wijeratne, Walter C Willett, Jason H Wu, Gelin Xu, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Christopher J L Murray. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2019; 393 (10184):1958-1972.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ashkan Afshin; Patrick John Sur; Kairsten A. Fay; Leslie Cornaby; Giannina Ferrara; Joseph S Salama; Erin C Mullany; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Zegeye Abebe; Mohsen Afarideh; Anju Aggarwal; Sutapa Agrawal; Tomi Akinyemiju; Fares Alahdab; Umar Bacha; Victoria F Bachman; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Isabela M Bensenor; Eduardo Bernabe; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Stan H Biryukov; Leah E Cahill; Juan J Carrero; Kelly M. Cercy; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Anh Kim Dang; Meaza Girma Degefa; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Jessica Fanzo; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Valery L. Feigin; Joao C Fernandes; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A. Foigt; Mohammad H Forouzanfar; Morsaleh Ganji; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Richard F Gillum; Alessandra C Goulart; Giuseppe Grosso; Idris Guessous; Samer Hamidi; Graeme J. Hankey; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Simon I. Hay; Chi Linh Hoang; Masako Horino; Nayu Ikeda; Farhad Islami; Maria D. Jackson; Spencer L. James; Lars Johansson; Jost B. Jonas; Amir Kasaeian; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Young-Ho Khang; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yoshihiro Kokubo; G Anil Kumar; Tea Lallukka; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Reza Malekzadeh; Winfried März; Toni Meier; Yohannes A Melaku; Walter Mendoza; Gert Mensink; Renata Micha; Ted R Miller; Mojde Mirarefin; Viswanathan Mohan; Ali H Mokdad; Dariush Mozaffarian; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Molly R Nixon; Kanyin L Ong; David M. Pereira; Hossein Poustchi; Mostafa Qorbani; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Christian Razo-García; Colin D Rehm; Juan A Rivera; Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A Roth; Juan Sanabria; Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta; Benn Sartorius; Josef Schmidhuber; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Min-Jeong Shin; Reed J.D. Sorensen; Marco Springmann; Lucjan Szponar; Andrew L Thorne-Lyman; Amanda G Thrift; Mathilde Touvier; Bach Xuan Tran; Stefanos Tyrovolas; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja; Irfan Ullah; Olalekan A Uthman; Masoud Vaezghasemi; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Stein Emil Vollset; Theo Vos; Giang Thu Vu; Linh Gia Vu; Elisabete Weiderpass; Andrea Werdecker; Tissa Wijeratne; Walter C Willett; Jason H Wu; Gelin Xu; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Christopher J L Murray. 2019. "Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017." The Lancet 393, no. 10184: 1958-1972.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in The Lancet
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The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1–4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0–8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421–723) to 853 million (642–1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6–9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4–7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782–3252] per 100 000 in males vs s1400 [1279–1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082–3583] vs 2336 [2154–2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943–3630] vs 5643 [5057–6302]). Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ACS Style

Spencer L James; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Solomon M Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Zegeye Abebe; Semaw F Abera; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Pawan Acharya; Ilana N Ackerman; Abdu A Adamu; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Mina G Adib; Jose C Adsuar; Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi; Mohsen Afarideh; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Kareha M Agesa; Rakesh Aggarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Tahiya Alam; Alaa Alashi; Seyed Moayed Alavian; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Mohamed M L Alouani; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Leopold N Aminde; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Jalal Arabloo; Antonio Arauz; Olatunde Aremu; Filippo Ariani; Bahroom Armoon; Johan Ärnlöv; Amit Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Rana Jawad Asghar; Zerihun Ataro; Sachin R Atre; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rakesh Ayer; Peter S Azzopardi; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Ayele Geleto Bali; Katherine E Ballesteros; Shoshana H Ballew; Maciej Banach; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Amrit Banstola; Aleksandra Barac; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H Barrero; Bernhard T Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Abate Bekele Belachew; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Isabela M Bensenor; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Neeraj Bhala; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Donal Bisanzio; Brigette F Blacker; Fiona M Blyth; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J Brady; Michael Brainin; Luisa C Brant; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrew M Briggs; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Jorge Cano; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J Carrero; Austin Carter; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kelly M Cercy; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Alex R Chang; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Ken Lee Chin; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J Choi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J Christopher; Flavia M Cicuttini; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Rafael M Claro; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Cyrus Cooper; Josef Coresh; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Megan Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Marita Cross; John A Crump; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Gail Davey; Adrian C Davis; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Barbora De Courten; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Subhojit Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; M Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Linh Doan; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; E Ray Dorsey; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B Duncan; Andre R Duraes; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; Michelle Marie Echko; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Joshua R Ehrlich; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Ziad El-Khatib; Hajer Elkout; Iqbal R F Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Holly E Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Hamed Fakhim; Vahid Fallah Omrani; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Farzaneh Farhadi; Talha A Farid; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Valery L Feigin; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Jack Fox; Tahvi D Frank; Takeshi Fukumoto; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Seana Gall; Morsaleh Ganji; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; William M Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mamata Ghimire; Rakesh Ghosh; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Simona Giampaoli; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Ellen M Goldberg; Srinivas Goli; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Taren M Gorman; Alessandra C Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Morgan E Grams; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Bishal Gyawali; Juanita A Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Josep Maria Haro; Mehedi Hasan; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin N Hawley; Roderick J Hay; Simon I Hay; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Behzad Heibati; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Claudiu Herteliu; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu; Huong Thanh Hoang; Hans W Hoek; Howard J Hoffman; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Chantal K Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Chad Thomas Ikeda; Bogdan Ileanu; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Mehdi Javanbakht; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Catherine O Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Tanuj Kanchan; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Narges Karimi; Seyed M Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Masoud Masoud Keighobadi; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mohammad Khazaei; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Daniel N Kiirithio; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Pauline Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimäki; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Jonathan M Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Georgios A Kotsakis; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Kristopher J Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Deepesh P Lad; Sheetal D Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Van C Lansingh; Arman Latifi; Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau; Jeffrey V Lazarus; Janet L Leasher; Jorge R Ledesma; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Yichong Li; Yu Liao; Misgan Legesse Liben; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S Lim; Shiwei Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Katharine J Looker; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Nicola Low; Rafael Lozano; Tim C D Lucas; Lydia R Lucchesi; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A Lyons; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mark T Mackay; Fabiana Madotto; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Dhaval P Maghavani; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Hue Thi Mai; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Ana-Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Treh Manhertz; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Joemer C Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Ashley Marks; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried März; Melvin B Marzan; Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M Mehta; Varshil Mehta; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Tesfa Mekonen; Addisu Melese; Mulugeta Melku; Michele Meltzer; Peter T N Memiah; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; Getnet Mengistu; George A Mensah; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Anoushka I Millear; Ted R Miller; Benjamin Miltz; G K Mini; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Philip B Mitchell; Habtamu Mitiku; Babak Moazen; Bahram Mohajer; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohamma. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018, 392, 1789 -1858.

AMA Style

Spencer L James, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Zegeye Abebe, Semaw F Abera, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Pawan Acharya, Ilana N Ackerman, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Mina G Adib, Jose C Adsuar, Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi, Mohsen Afarideh, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Kareha M Agesa, Rakesh Aggarwal, Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Fares Alahdab, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam, Alaa Alashi, Seyed Moayed Alavian, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Mohamed M L Alouani, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Leopold N Aminde, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Jalal Arabloo, Antonio Arauz, Olatunde Aremu, Filippo Ariani, Bahroom Armoon, Johan Ärnlöv, Amit Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna K Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Rana Jawad Asghar, Zerihun Ataro, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide F G A Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Rakesh Ayer, Peter S Azzopardi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Ayele Geleto Bali, Katherine E Ballesteros, Shoshana H Ballew, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Amrit Banstola, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A Barboza, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H Barrero, Bernhard T Baune, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Abate Bekele Belachew, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L Bell, Aminu K Bello, Isabela M Bensenor, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S Bernstein, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Neeraj Bhala, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Ver Bilano, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Donal Bisanzio, Brigette F Blacker, Fiona M Blyth, Ibrahim R Bou-Orm, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Oliver J Brady, Michael Brainin, Luisa C Brant, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Paul Svitil Briant, Andrew M Briggs, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Rachelle Buchbinder, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Jorge Cano, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Kelly M Cercy, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Alex R Chang, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J Charlson, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Ken Lee Chin, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J Choi, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J Christopher, Flavia M Cicuttini, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Cyrus Cooper, Josef Coresh, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Megan Costa, Ewerton Cousin, Michael H Criqui, Elizabeth A Cromwell, Marita Cross, John A Crump, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Gail Davey, Adrian C Davis, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Barbora De Courten, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Robert P Dellavalle, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Don C Des Jarlais, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Subhojit Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, M Ashworth Dirac, Shirin Djalalinia, Linh Doan, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, E Ray Dorsey, Kerrie E Doyle, Tim Robert Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B Duncan, Andre R Duraes, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Michelle Marie Echko, David Edvardsson, Andem Effiong, Joshua R Ehrlich, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Ziad El-Khatib, Hajer Elkout, Iqbal R F Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Benjamin Er, Holly E Erskine, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Hamed Fakhim, Vahid Fallah Omrani, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Talha A Farid, Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Maryam S Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L Feigin, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C Fernandes, Alize J Ferrari, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Nataliya A Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Jack Fox, Tahvi D Frank, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M Furtado, Neal D Futran, Seana Gall, Morsaleh Ganji, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, William M Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Peter W Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Mamata Ghimire, Rakesh Ghosh, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Simona Giampaoli, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K Gill, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Giorgia Giussani, Elena V Gnedovskaya, Ellen M Goldberg, Srinivas Goli, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Taren M Gorman, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Morgan E Grams, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander Gugnani, Yuming Guo, Prakash C Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Bishal Gyawali, Juanita A Haagsma, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Tekleberhan B Hagos, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Josep Maria Haro, Mehedi Hasan, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Caitlin N Hawley, Roderick J Hay, Simon I Hay, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Behzad Heibati, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Claudiu Herteliu, Sousan Heydarpour, Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu, Huong Thanh Hoang, Hans W Hoek, Howard J Hoffman, Michael K Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, H Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J Hotez, Damian G Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Aung Soe Htet, Guoqing Hu, John J Huang, Chantal K Huynh, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Chad Thomas Ikeda, Bogdan Ileanu, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Mehdi Javanbakht, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Catherine O Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Narges Karimi, Seyed M Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Norito Kawakami, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Masoud Masoud Keighobadi, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mohammad Khazaei, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Aliasghar A Kiadaliri, Daniel N Kiirithio, Cho-Il Kim, Daniel Kim, Pauline Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimäki, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Georgios A Kotsakis, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael A Kravchenko, Kewal Krishan, Kristopher J Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Deepesh P Lad, Sheetal D Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Faris Hasan Lami, Van C Lansingh, Arman Latifi, Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau, Jeffrey V Lazarus, Janet L Leasher, Jorge R Ledesma, Paul H Lee, James Leigh, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Yichong Li, Yu Liao, Misgan Legesse Liben, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Shiwei Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Katharine J Looker, Alan D Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Nicola Low, Rafael Lozano, Tim C D Lucas, Lydia R Lucchesi, Raimundas Lunevicius, Ronan A Lyons, Stefan Ma, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T Mackay, Fabiana Madotto, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Dhaval P Maghavani, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Hue Thi Mai, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Ana-Laura Manda, Helena Manguerra, Treh Manhertz, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Joemer C Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Ashley Marks, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Winfried März, Melvin B Marzan, Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Kunihiro Matsushita, Pallab K Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J McGrath, Martin McKee, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez, Tesfa Mekonen, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Michele Meltzer, Peter T N Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Getnet Mengistu, George A Mensah, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Anoushka I Millear, Ted R Miller, Benjamin Miltz, G K Mini, Mojde Mirarefin, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Philip B Mitchell, Habtamu Mitiku, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohamma. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018; 392 (10159):1789-1858.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Spencer L James; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Solomon M Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Zegeye Abebe; Semaw F Abera; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Pawan Acharya; Ilana N Ackerman; Abdu A Adamu; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Mina G Adib; Jose C Adsuar; Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi; Mohsen Afarideh; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Kareha M Agesa; Rakesh Aggarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Tahiya Alam; Alaa Alashi; Seyed Moayed Alavian; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Mohamed M L Alouani; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Leopold N Aminde; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Jalal Arabloo; Antonio Arauz; Olatunde Aremu; Filippo Ariani; Bahroom Armoon; Johan Ärnlöv; Amit Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Rana Jawad Asghar; Zerihun Ataro; Sachin R Atre; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rakesh Ayer; Peter S Azzopardi; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Ayele Geleto Bali; Katherine E Ballesteros; Shoshana H Ballew; Maciej Banach; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Amrit Banstola; Aleksandra Barac; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H Barrero; Bernhard T Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Abate Bekele Belachew; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Isabela M Bensenor; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Neeraj Bhala; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Donal Bisanzio; Brigette F Blacker; Fiona M Blyth; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J Brady; Michael Brainin; Luisa C Brant; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrew M Briggs; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Jorge Cano; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J Carrero; Austin Carter; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kelly M Cercy; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Alex R Chang; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Ken Lee Chin; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J Choi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J Christopher; Flavia M Cicuttini; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Rafael M Claro; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Cyrus Cooper; Josef Coresh; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Megan Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Marita Cross; John A Crump; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Gail Davey; Adrian C Davis; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Barbora De Courten; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Subhojit Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; M Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Linh Doan; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; E Ray Dorsey; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B Duncan; Andre R Duraes; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; Michelle Marie Echko; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Joshua R Ehrlich; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Ziad El-Khatib; Hajer Elkout; Iqbal R F Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Holly E Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Hamed Fakhim; Vahid Fallah Omrani; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Farzaneh Farhadi; Talha A Farid; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Valery L Feigin; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Jack Fox; Tahvi D Frank; Takeshi Fukumoto; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Seana Gall; Morsaleh Ganji; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; William M Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mamata Ghimire; Rakesh Ghosh; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Simona Giampaoli; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Ellen M Goldberg; Srinivas Goli; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Taren M Gorman; Alessandra C Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Morgan E Grams; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Bishal Gyawali; Juanita A Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Josep Maria Haro; Mehedi Hasan; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin N Hawley; Roderick J Hay; Simon I Hay; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Behzad Heibati; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Claudiu Herteliu; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu; Huong Thanh Hoang; Hans W Hoek; Howard J Hoffman; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Chantal K Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Chad Thomas Ikeda; Bogdan Ileanu; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Mehdi Javanbakht; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Catherine O Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Tanuj Kanchan; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Narges Karimi; Seyed M Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Masoud Masoud Keighobadi; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mohammad Khazaei; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Daniel N Kiirithio; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Pauline Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimäki; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Jonathan M Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Georgios A Kotsakis; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Kristopher J Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Deepesh P Lad; Sheetal D Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Van C Lansingh; Arman Latifi; Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau; Jeffrey V Lazarus; Janet L Leasher; Jorge R Ledesma; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Yichong Li; Yu Liao; Misgan Legesse Liben; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S Lim; Shiwei Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Katharine J Looker; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Nicola Low; Rafael Lozano; Tim C D Lucas; Lydia R Lucchesi; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A Lyons; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mark T Mackay; Fabiana Madotto; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Dhaval P Maghavani; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Hue Thi Mai; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Ana-Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Treh Manhertz; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Joemer C Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Ashley Marks; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried März; Melvin B Marzan; Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M Mehta; Varshil Mehta; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Tesfa Mekonen; Addisu Melese; Mulugeta Melku; Michele Meltzer; Peter T N Memiah; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; Getnet Mengistu; George A Mensah; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Anoushka I Millear; Ted R Miller; Benjamin Miltz; G K Mini; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Philip B Mitchell; Habtamu Mitiku; Babak Moazen; Bahram Mohajer; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohamma. 2018. "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017." The Lancet 392, no. 10159: 1789-1858.

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Published: 01 November 2018 in The Lancet
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Summary Background How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1–7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3–65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7–73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0–5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3–12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1–33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8–15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9–6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6–59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5–65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4–4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8–11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4–1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9–64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9–65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9–25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9–32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5–57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6–2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9–12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4–78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8–75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7–50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1–45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8–43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9–51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8–43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0–20·2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ACS Style

Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Solomon M Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Victor Aboyans; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Pawan Acharya; Ilana N Ackerman; Abdu A Adamu; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Victor Adekanmbi; Zanfina Ademi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Mina G Adib; Jose C Adsuar; Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi; Mohsen Afarideh; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Kareha M Agesa; Rakesh Aggarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Anurag Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Sayem Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Tahiya Alam; Alaa Alashi; Seyed Moayed Alavian; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Jordi Alonso; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Leopold N Aminde; Erfan Amini; Mohammadreza Amiresmaili; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Amit Arora; Megha Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Zerihun Ataro; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rakesh Ayer; Peter Azzopardi; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Aleksandra Barac; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lope H Barrero; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Eyasu Tamru Bekru; Abate Bekele Belachew; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Neeraj Bhala; Samir Bhatt; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Molly H Biehl; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Donal Bisanzio; Tone Bjørge; Archie Bleyer; Eshetu Mulisa Bobasa; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J Brady; Luisa C Brant; Carol Brayne; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jorge Cano; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J Carrero; Austin Carter; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kelly M Cercy; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J Choi; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M Cicuttini; Massimo Cirillo; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Cyrus Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Ewerton Cousin; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Marita Cross; John A Crump; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Hans De Steur; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; M Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Linh Doan; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; E Ray Dorsey; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B Duncan; Andre R Duraes; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; Michelle M Echko; Dumessa Edessa; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Anne Elise Eggen; Joshua R Ehrlich; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Ziad El-Khatib; Iqbal R F Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Melese Linger Endalifer; Aman Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Holly E Erskine; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Hamed Fakhim; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Farzaneh Farhadi; Talha A Farid; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Valery L Feigin; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Manuela L Ferreira; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Tahvi D Frank; Takeshi Fukumoto; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Emmanuela Gakidou; Seana Gall; Silvano Gallus; Morsaleh Ganji; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; William M Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mamata Ghimire; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Ellen M Goldberg; Srinivas Goli; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Taren M Gorman; Alessandra C Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Francis Guillemin; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Bishal Gyawali; Juanita A Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J Hay; Simon I Hay; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Behzad Heibati; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Pouria Heydarpour; Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu; Hans W Hoek; Howard J Hoffman; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Aung Soe Htet; John J Huang; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Chad Thomas Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Spencer L James; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Catherine O Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Jitendra Jonnagaddala; Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Tanuj Kanchan; Chittaranjan Kar; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Narges Karimi; Seyed M Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Masoud Masoud Keighobadi; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mona M Khater; Mohammad Khazaei; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam; Daniel N Kiirithio; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Jonathan M Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Georgios A Kotsakis; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Sanjay Krishnaswami; Kristopher J Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Igor Kuzin; Deepesh P Lad; Sheetal D Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Justin J Lang; Sinéad M Langan; Van C Lansingh; Arman Latifi; Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau; Jeffrey V Lazarus; Janet L Leasher; Jorge R Ledesma; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Mostafa Leili; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Yichong Li; Xiaofeng Liang; Yu Liao; Misgan Legesse Liben; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S Lim; Miteku Andualem Limenih; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Katharine J Looker; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Tim C D Lucas; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A Lyons; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mark T Mackay; Emilie R Maddison; Fabiana Madotto; Dhaval P Maghavani; Hue Thi Mai; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Ana-Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Joemer C Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Ashley Marks; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried März; Melvin B Marzan; João Massano; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Pallab K Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Brian J McMahon; Suresh Mehata; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M Mehta; Varshil Mehta; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Tesfa Mekonen; Addisu Melese; Mulugeta Melku; Peter T N Memiah; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Getnet Mengistu; George A Mensah; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Anoushka I Millear; Ted R Miller; G K Mini; Mojde Mirarefin; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Philip B Mitchell; Habtamu Mitiku; Babak Moazen; Bahram Mohajer; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Moslem Mohammadi; Noushin Mohammadifard; Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi; Mohammed A Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Ali H Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenz. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018, 392, 1859 -1922.

AMA Style

Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Molla Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Victor Aboyans, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Pawan Acharya, Ilana N Ackerman, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Zanfina Ademi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Mina G Adib, Jose C Adsuar, Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi, Mohsen Afarideh, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Kareha M Agesa, Rakesh Aggarwal, Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Anurag Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Fares Alahdab, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam, Alaa Alashi, Seyed Moayed Alavian, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Jordi Alonso, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Leopold N Aminde, Erfan Amini, Mohammadreza Amiresmaili, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Jalal Arabloo, Olatunde Aremu, Johan Ärnlöv, Amit Arora, Megha Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna K Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Zerihun Ataro, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide F G A Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Rakesh Ayer, Peter Azzopardi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Hamid Badali, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A Barboza, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Simon Barquera, Lope H Barrero, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Eyasu Tamru Bekru, Abate Bekele Belachew, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L Bell, Aminu K Bello, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S Bernstein, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Neeraj Bhala, Samir Bhatt, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Molly H Biehl, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Ver Bilano, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Donal Bisanzio, Tone Bjørge, Archie Bleyer, Eshetu Mulisa Bobasa, Ibrahim R Bou-Orm, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Oliver J Brady, Luisa C Brant, Carol Brayne, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Paul Svitil Briant, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Rachelle Buchbinder, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Kelly M Cercy, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J Charlson, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J Choi, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Flavia M Cicuttini, Massimo Cirillo, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Cyrus Cooper, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Ewerton Cousin, Michael H Criqui, Elizabeth A Cromwell, Marita Cross, John A Crump, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Hans De Steur, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Don C Des Jarlais, Subhojit Dey, Samath D Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, M Ashworth Dirac, Shirin Djalalinia, Linh Doan, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, E Ray Dorsey, Kerrie E Doyle, Tim Robert Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B Duncan, Andre R Duraes, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Michelle M Echko, Dumessa Edessa, David Edvardsson, Andem Effiong, Anne Elise Eggen, Joshua R Ehrlich, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Ziad El-Khatib, Iqbal R F Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Melese Linger Endalifer, Aman Yesuf Endries, Benjamin Er, Holly E Erskine, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Hamed Fakhim, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Talha A Farid, Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Valery L Feigin, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C Fernandes, Alize J Ferrari, Manuela L Ferreira, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Nataliya A Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Tahvi D Frank, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M Furtado, Emmanuela Gakidou, Seana Gall, Silvano Gallus, Morsaleh Ganji, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, William M Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Peter W Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Mamata Ghimire, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K Gill, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Giorgia Giussani, Elena V Gnedovskaya, Ellen M Goldberg, Srinivas Goli, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Taren M Gorman, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander Gugnani, Francis Guillemin, Yuming Guo, Prakash C Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Bishal Gyawali, Juanita A Haagsma, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Tekleberhan B Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Hamidreza Haririan, Josep Maria Haro, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Roderick J Hay, Simon I Hay, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Behzad Heibati, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Pouria Heydarpour, Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu, Hans W Hoek, Howard J Hoffman, Michael K Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, H Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J Hotez, Damian G Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Aung Soe Htet, John J Huang, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Chad Thomas Ikeda, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Spencer L James, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Catherine O Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Ankur Joshi, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Chittaranjan Kar, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Narges Karimi, Seyed M Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Zhila Kazemi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Masoud Masoud Keighobadi, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mona M Khater, Mohammad Khazaei, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Aliasghar A Kiadaliri, Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam, Daniel N Kiirithio, Cho-Il Kim, Daniel Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Georgios A Kotsakis, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Kristopher J Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Igor Kuzin, Deepesh P Lad, Sheetal D Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Faris Hasan Lami, Justin J Lang, Sinéad M Langan, Van C Lansingh, Arman Latifi, Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau, Jeffrey V Lazarus, Janet L Leasher, Jorge R Ledesma, Paul H Lee, James Leigh, Mostafa Leili, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Yichong Li, Xiaofeng Liang, Yu Liao, Misgan Legesse Liben, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Miteku Andualem Limenih, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Katharine J Looker, Alan D Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Tim C D Lucas, Raimundas Lunevicius, Ronan A Lyons, Stefan Ma, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T Mackay, Emilie R Maddison, Fabiana Madotto, Dhaval P Maghavani, Hue Thi Mai, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Ana-Laura Manda, Helena Manguerra, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Joemer C Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Ashley Marks, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Winfried März, Melvin B Marzan, João Massano, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Pallab K Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J McGrath, Martin McKee, Brian J McMahon, Suresh Mehata, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez, Tesfa Mekonen, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Peter T N Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Getnet Mengistu, George A Mensah, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Anoushka I Millear, Ted R Miller, G K Mini, Mojde Mirarefin, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Philip B Mitchell, Habtamu Mitiku, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Moslem Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mohammed A Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenz. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018; 392 (10159):1859-1922.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Solomon M Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Victor Aboyans; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Pawan Acharya; Ilana N Ackerman; Abdu A Adamu; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Victor Adekanmbi; Zanfina Ademi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Mina G Adib; Jose C Adsuar; Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi; Mohsen Afarideh; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Kareha M Agesa; Rakesh Aggarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Anurag Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Sayem Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Tahiya Alam; Alaa Alashi; Seyed Moayed Alavian; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Jordi Alonso; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Leopold N Aminde; Erfan Amini; Mohammadreza Amiresmaili; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Amit Arora; Megha Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Zerihun Ataro; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rakesh Ayer; Peter Azzopardi; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Aleksandra Barac; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lope H Barrero; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Eyasu Tamru Bekru; Abate Bekele Belachew; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Neeraj Bhala; Samir Bhatt; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Molly H Biehl; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Donal Bisanzio; Tone Bjørge; Archie Bleyer; Eshetu Mulisa Bobasa; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J Brady; Luisa C Brant; Carol Brayne; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jorge Cano; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J Carrero; Austin Carter; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kelly M Cercy; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J Choi; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M Cicuttini; Massimo Cirillo; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Cyrus Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Ewerton Cousin; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Marita Cross; John A Crump; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Hans De Steur; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; M Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Linh Doan; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; E Ray Dorsey; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B Duncan; Andre R Duraes; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; Michelle M Echko; Dumessa Edessa; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Anne Elise Eggen; Joshua R Ehrlich; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Ziad El-Khatib; Iqbal R F Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Melese Linger Endalifer; Aman Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Holly E Erskine; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Hamed Fakhim; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Farzaneh Farhadi; Talha A Farid; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Valery L Feigin; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Manuela L Ferreira; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Tahvi D Frank; Takeshi Fukumoto; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Emmanuela Gakidou; Seana Gall; Silvano Gallus; Morsaleh Ganji; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; William M Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mamata Ghimire; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Ellen M Goldberg; Srinivas Goli; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Taren M Gorman; Alessandra C Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Francis Guillemin; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Bishal Gyawali; Juanita A Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J Hay; Simon I Hay; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Behzad Heibati; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Pouria Heydarpour; Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu; Hans W Hoek; Howard J Hoffman; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Aung Soe Htet; John J Huang; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Chad Thomas Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Spencer L James; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Catherine O Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Jitendra Jonnagaddala; Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Tanuj Kanchan; Chittaranjan Kar; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Narges Karimi; Seyed M Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Masoud Masoud Keighobadi; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mona M Khater; Mohammad Khazaei; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam; Daniel N Kiirithio; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Jonathan M Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Georgios A Kotsakis; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Sanjay Krishnaswami; Kristopher J Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Igor Kuzin; Deepesh P Lad; Sheetal D Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Justin J Lang; Sinéad M Langan; Van C Lansingh; Arman Latifi; Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau; Jeffrey V Lazarus; Janet L Leasher; Jorge R Ledesma; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Mostafa Leili; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Yichong Li; Xiaofeng Liang; Yu Liao; Misgan Legesse Liben; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S Lim; Miteku Andualem Limenih; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Katharine J Looker; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Tim C D Lucas; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A Lyons; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mark T Mackay; Emilie R Maddison; Fabiana Madotto; Dhaval P Maghavani; Hue Thi Mai; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Ana-Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Joemer C Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Ashley Marks; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried März; Melvin B Marzan; João Massano; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Pallab K Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Brian J McMahon; Suresh Mehata; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M Mehta; Varshil Mehta; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Tesfa Mekonen; Addisu Melese; Mulugeta Melku; Peter T N Memiah; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Getnet Mengistu; George A Mensah; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Anoushka I Millear; Ted R Miller; G K Mini; Mojde Mirarefin; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Philip B Mitchell; Habtamu Mitiku; Babak Moazen; Bahram Mohajer; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Moslem Mohammadi; Noushin Mohammadifard; Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi; Mohammed A Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Ali H Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenz. 2018. "Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017." The Lancet 392, no. 10159: 1859-1922.

Global health metrics
Published: 01 November 2018 in The Lancet
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Summary Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5–23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20–8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0–8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0–24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1–33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5–4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2–15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9–59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000–289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000–363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8–148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2–40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2–36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990—neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases—were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ACS Style

Gregory A Roth; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Solomon M Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Haftom Temesgen Abebe; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Ayenew Negesse Abejie; Semaw F Abera; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Abdu A Adamu; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Mina G Adib; Amha Admasie; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Kareha M Agesa; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Sayem Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Tahiya Alam; Animut Alebel; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Jordi Alonso; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Leopold N Aminde; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Hossein Ansari; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Amit Arora; Monika Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw; Zerihun Ataro; Suleman Atique; Sachin R Atre; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Yohanes Ayele; Rakesh Ayer; Peter Azzopardi; Arefeh Babazadeh; Umar Bacha; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Ayele Geleto Bali; Katherine E Ballesteros; Maciej Banach; Kajori Banerjee; Marlena S Bannick; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lope H Barrero; Quique Bassat; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Abate Bekele Belachew; Ezra Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Adam E Berman; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Gregory J Bertolacci; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Ashish Bhalla; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Molly H Biehl; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Donal Bisanzio; Tuhin Biswas; Brigette F Blacker; Berrak Bora Basara; Rohan Borschmann; Cristina Bosetti; Kayvan Bozorgmehr; Oliver J Brady; Luisa C Brant; Carol Brayne; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Paul Svitil Briant; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Charlton S K H Callender; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jorge Cano; Mate Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J Carrero; Austin Carter; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Chris D Castle; Clara Castro; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal Chitheer; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M Cicuttini; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Aaron J Cohen; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Ewerton Cousin; Benjamin C Cowie; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Christopher Stephen Crowe; John A Crump; Matthew Cunningham; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Anh Kim Dang; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Siddharth K Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Adrian C Davis; Nicole Davis Weaver; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Jan-Walter De Neve; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Tizta T Degfie; Selina Deiparine; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Balem Betsu Demtsu; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Daniel Dicker; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; Eric L Ding; M Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Christl A Donnelly; E Ray Dorsey; Pratik P Doshi; Dirk Douwes-Schultz; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B Duncan; Andre R Duraes; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; Dumessa Edessa; David Edvardsson; Anne Elise Eggen; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Ziad El-Khatib; Hajer Elkout; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Matthias Endres; Aman Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Holly E Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Reza Esmaeili; Alireza Esteghamati; Mahdi Fakhar; Hamed Fakhim; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Farzaneh Farhadi; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Samuel Finegold; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Carla Fornari; Tahvi D Frank; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E Fuller; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Silvano Gallus; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo; William M Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Bereket Gebremichael; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami; Reza Ghadimi; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mamata Ghimire; Katherine B Gibney; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Richard F Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Maurice Giroud; Giorgia Giussani; Shifalika Goenka; Ellen M Goldberg; Srinivas Goli; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Taren M Gorman; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra C Goulart; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Ayman Grada; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Bishal Gyawali; Juanita A Haagsma; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Josep Maria Haro; Mehedi Hasan; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J Hay; Simon I Hay; Yihua He; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Mohamed I Hegazy; Behzad Heibati; Mohsen Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Pouria Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu; Hans W Hoek; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Thomas Hsiao; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Abdullatif Husseini; Mohammedaman Mama Hussen; Susan Hutfless; Bulat Idrisov; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Nazrul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Moti Tolera Jalu; Spencer L James; Mehdi Javanbakht; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Kathy J Jenkins; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; Catherine O Johnson; Sarah C Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Hamidreza Karimi-Sari; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Dhruv Satish Kazi; Adane Teshome Kefale; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mona M Khater; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Getiye D Kibret; Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam; Daniel N Kiirithio; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimäki; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Jonathan M Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Michael J Kutz; Igor Kuzin; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Deepesh P Lad; Sheetal D Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Jennifer O Lam; Faris Hasan Lami; Van C Lansingh; Sonia Lansky; Heidi J Larson; Arman Latifi; Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau; Jeffrey V Lazarus; Georgy Lebedev; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Mostafa Leili; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Shanshan Li; Yichong Li; Juan Liang; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S Lim; Miteku Andualem Limenih; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Yang Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Chris Lonsdale; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Raimundas Lunevicius; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mark T Mackay; Jennifer H MacLachlan; Emilie R Maddison; Fabiana Madotto; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Dhaval P Maghavani; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Ana-Laura Manda; Luiz Garcia Mandarano-Filho; Helena Manguerra; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Dadi Marami; Joemer C Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Laurie Marczak; Ashley Marks; Guy B Marks; Gabriel Martinez; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried März; Melvin B Marzan; Joseph R Masci; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Prashant Mathur; Richard Matzopoulos; Pallab K Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAl. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018, 392, 1736 -1788.

AMA Style

Gregory A Roth, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Haftom Temesgen Abebe, Molla Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Semaw F Abera, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Mina G Adib, Amha Admasie, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Kareha M Agesa, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Fares Alahdab, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam, Animut Alebel, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Jordi Alonso, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Leopold N Aminde, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Hossein Ansari, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Olatunde Aremu, Johan Ärnlöv, Amit Arora, Monika Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna K Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Zerihun Ataro, Suleman Atique, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Euripide F G A Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Yohanes Ayele, Rakesh Ayer, Peter Azzopardi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Umar Bacha, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Ayele Geleto Bali, Katherine E Ballesteros, Maciej Banach, Kajori Banerjee, Marlena S Bannick, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Miguel A Barboza, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Simon Barquera, Lope H Barrero, Quique Bassat, Sanjay Basu, Bernhard T Baune, Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Abate Bekele Belachew, Ezra Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L Bell, Aminu K Bello, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adam E Berman, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S Bernstein, Gregory J Bertolacci, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Ashish Bhalla, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Molly H Biehl, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Ver Bilano, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Donal Bisanzio, Tuhin Biswas, Brigette F Blacker, Berrak Bora Basara, Rohan Borschmann, Cristina Bosetti, Kayvan Bozorgmehr, Oliver J Brady, Luisa C Brant, Carol Brayne, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Paul Svitil Briant, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A Butt, Charlton S K H Callender, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Mate Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Juan J Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Chris D Castle, Clara Castro, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J Charlson, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal Chitheer, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Flavia M Cicuttini, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Aaron J Cohen, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Ewerton Cousin, Benjamin C Cowie, Michael H Criqui, Elizabeth A Cromwell, Christopher Stephen Crowe, John A Crump, Matthew Cunningham, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Paul I Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Siddharth K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Aditya Prasad Dash, Adrian C Davis, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Jan-Walter De Neve, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Tizta T Degfie, Selina Deiparine, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Balem Betsu Demtsu, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Don C Des Jarlais, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Subhojit Dey, Samath D Dharmaratne, Daniel Dicker, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, Eric L Ding, M Ashworth Dirac, Shirin Djalalinia, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, Christl A Donnelly, E Ray Dorsey, Pratik P Doshi, Dirk Douwes-Schultz, Kerrie E Doyle, Tim R Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B Duncan, Andre R Duraes, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Dumessa Edessa, David Edvardsson, Anne Elise Eggen, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Ziad El-Khatib, Hajer Elkout, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Matthias Endres, Aman Yesuf Endries, Benjamin Er, Holly E Erskine, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Reza Esmaeili, Alireza Esteghamati, Mahdi Fakhar, Hamed Fakhim, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha, Andre Faro, Maryam S Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Valery L Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C Fernandes, Alize J Ferrari, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Samuel Finegold, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Nataliya A Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Carla Fornari, Tahvi D Frank, Takeshi Fukumoto, John E Fuller, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M Furtado, Neal D Futran, Silvano Gallus, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo, William M Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Bereket Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Peter W Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Reza Ghadimi, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Mamata Ghimire, Katherine B Gibney, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K Gill, Richard F Gillum, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Maurice Giroud, Giorgia Giussani, Shifalika Goenka, Ellen M Goldberg, Srinivas Goli, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Taren M Gorman, Atsushi Goto, Alessandra C Goulart, Elena V Gnedovskaya, Ayman Grada, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander Gugnani, Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes, Yuming Guo, Prakash C Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Bishal Gyawali, Juanita A Haagsma, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Tekleberhan B Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Hilda L Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Josep Maria Haro, Mehedi Hasan, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Roderick J Hay, Simon I Hay, Yihua He, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Mohsen Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Pouria Heydarpour, Sousan Heydarpour, Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu, Hans W Hoek, Michael K Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, H Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J Hotez, Damian G Hoy, Thomas Hsiao, Guoqing Hu, John J Huang, Abdullatif Husseini, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Susan Hutfless, Bulat Idrisov, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Nazrul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Moti Tolera Jalu, Spencer L James, Mehdi Javanbakht, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Kathy J Jenkins, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, Catherine O Johnson, Sarah C Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Ankur Joshi, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Zhila Kazemi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Dhruv Satish Kazi, Adane Teshome Kefale, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mona M Khater, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar A Kiadaliri, Getiye D Kibret, Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam, Daniel N Kiirithio, Daniel Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimäki, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A Kopec, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael A Kravchenko, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Michael J Kutz, Igor Kuzin, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Deepesh P Lad, Sheetal D Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Jennifer O Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Van C Lansingh, Sonia Lansky, Heidi J Larson, Arman Latifi, Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau, Jeffrey V Lazarus, Georgy Lebedev, Paul H Lee, James Leigh, Mostafa Leili, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Shanshan Li, Yichong Li, Juan Liang, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Miteku Andualem Limenih, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Yang Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Chris Lonsdale, Alan D Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Raimundas Lunevicius, Stefan Ma, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T Mackay, Jennifer H MacLachlan, Emilie R Maddison, Fabiana Madotto, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Dhaval P Maghavani, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Ana-Laura Manda, Luiz Garcia Mandarano-Filho, Helena Manguerra, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Dadi Marami, Joemer C Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Laurie Marczak, Ashley Marks, Guy B Marks, Gabriel Martinez, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Winfried März, Melvin B Marzan, Joseph R Masci, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Prashant Mathur, Richard Matzopoulos, Pallab K Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAl. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018; 392 (10159):1736-1788.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gregory A Roth; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Solomon M Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Haftom Temesgen Abebe; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Ayenew Negesse Abejie; Semaw F Abera; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Abdu A Adamu; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Mina G Adib; Amha Admasie; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Kareha M Agesa; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Sayem Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Tahiya Alam; Animut Alebel; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Jordi Alonso; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Leopold N Aminde; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Hossein Ansari; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Amit Arora; Monika Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw; Zerihun Ataro; Suleman Atique; Sachin R Atre; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Yohanes Ayele; Rakesh Ayer; Peter Azzopardi; Arefeh Babazadeh; Umar Bacha; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Ayele Geleto Bali; Katherine E Ballesteros; Maciej Banach; Kajori Banerjee; Marlena S Bannick; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lope H Barrero; Quique Bassat; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Abate Bekele Belachew; Ezra Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Adam E Berman; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Gregory J Bertolacci; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Ashish Bhalla; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Molly H Biehl; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Donal Bisanzio; Tuhin Biswas; Brigette F Blacker; Berrak Bora Basara; Rohan Borschmann; Cristina Bosetti; Kayvan Bozorgmehr; Oliver J Brady; Luisa C Brant; Carol Brayne; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Paul Svitil Briant; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Charlton S K H Callender; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jorge Cano; Mate Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J Carrero; Austin Carter; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Chris D Castle; Clara Castro; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal Chitheer; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M Cicuttini; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Aaron J Cohen; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Ewerton Cousin; Benjamin C Cowie; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Christopher Stephen Crowe; John A Crump; Matthew Cunningham; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Anh Kim Dang; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Siddharth K Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Adrian C Davis; Nicole Davis Weaver; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Jan-Walter De Neve; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Tizta T Degfie; Selina Deiparine; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Balem Betsu Demtsu; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Daniel Dicker; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; Eric L Ding; M Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Christl A Donnelly; E Ray Dorsey; Pratik P Doshi; Dirk Douwes-Schultz; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B Duncan; Andre R Duraes; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; Dumessa Edessa; David Edvardsson; Anne Elise Eggen; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Ziad El-Khatib; Hajer Elkout; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Matthias Endres; Aman Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Holly E Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Reza Esmaeili; Alireza Esteghamati; Mahdi Fakhar; Hamed Fakhim; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Farzaneh Farhadi; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Samuel Finegold; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Carla Fornari; Tahvi D Frank; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E Fuller; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Silvano Gallus; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo; William M Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Bereket Gebremichael; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami; Reza Ghadimi; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mamata Ghimire; Katherine B Gibney; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Richard F Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Maurice Giroud; Giorgia Giussani; Shifalika Goenka; Ellen M Goldberg; Srinivas Goli; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Taren M Gorman; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra C Goulart; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Ayman Grada; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Bishal Gyawali; Juanita A Haagsma; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Josep Maria Haro; Mehedi Hasan; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J Hay; Simon I Hay; Yihua He; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Mohamed I Hegazy; Behzad Heibati; Mohsen Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Pouria Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu; Hans W Hoek; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Thomas Hsiao; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Abdullatif Husseini; Mohammedaman Mama Hussen; Susan Hutfless; Bulat Idrisov; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Nazrul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Moti Tolera Jalu; Spencer L James; Mehdi Javanbakht; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Kathy J Jenkins; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; Catherine O Johnson; Sarah C Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Hamidreza Karimi-Sari; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Dhruv Satish Kazi; Adane Teshome Kefale; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mona M Khater; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Getiye D Kibret; Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam; Daniel N Kiirithio; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimäki; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Jonathan M Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Michael J Kutz; Igor Kuzin; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Deepesh P Lad; Sheetal D Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Jennifer O Lam; Faris Hasan Lami; Van C Lansingh; Sonia Lansky; Heidi J Larson; Arman Latifi; Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau; Jeffrey V Lazarus; Georgy Lebedev; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Mostafa Leili; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Shanshan Li; Yichong Li; Juan Liang; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S Lim; Miteku Andualem Limenih; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Yang Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Chris Lonsdale; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Raimundas Lunevicius; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mark T Mackay; Jennifer H MacLachlan; Emilie R Maddison; Fabiana Madotto; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Dhaval P Maghavani; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Ana-Laura Manda; Luiz Garcia Mandarano-Filho; Helena Manguerra; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Dadi Marami; Joemer C Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Laurie Marczak; Ashley Marks; Guy B Marks; Gabriel Martinez; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried März; Melvin B Marzan; Joseph R Masci; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Prashant Mathur; Richard Matzopoulos; Pallab K Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAl. 2018. "Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017." The Lancet 392, no. 10159: 1736-1788.

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Published: 01 November 2018 in The Lancet
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Summary Background Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ACS Style

Daniel Dicker; Grant Nguyen; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Solomon M Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Omar Abdel-Rahman; Alireza Abdi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Ahmed Abdulahi Abdurahman; Haftom Temesgen Abebe; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Victor Aboyans; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Pawan Acharya; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Tara Ballav Adhikari; Mina G Adib; Arsène Kouablan Adou; Jose C Adsuar; Mohsen Afarideh; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Rakesh Aggarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Sutapa Agrawal; Anurag Agrawal; Mehdi Ahmadi; Alireza Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim Ahmed; Sayem Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Ali S Akanda; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Mohammed Akibu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Animut Alebel; Alicia V Aleman; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Raghib Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine A Allen; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Degefaye Zelalem Anlay; Hossein Ansari; Ansariadi Ansariadi; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Olatunde Aremu; Habtamu Abera Areri; Johan Ärnlöv; Megha Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Mohsen Asadi-Lari; Hamid Asayesh; Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom; Reza Assadi; Zerihun Ataro; Tesfay Mehari Mehari Atey; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Suleman Atique; Sachin R Atre; Madhu Sudhan Atteraya; Engi F Attia; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Baffour Awuah; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Henok Tadesse Ayele; Yohanes Ayele; Rakesh Ayer; Tambe B Ayuk; Peter Azzopardi; Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Amrit Banstola; Aleksandra Barac; Miguel A Barboza; Simon Barquera; Lope H Barrero; Huda Basaleem; Quique Bassat; Arindam Basu; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Abate Bekele Belachew; Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay; Ezra Belay; Saba Abraham Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Adam E Berman; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Gregory J Bertolacci; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Neeraj Bhala; Eesh Bhatia; Samir Bhatt; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Sait Mentes Birlik; Charles Birungi; Donal Bisanzio; Tuhin Biswas; Tone Bjørge; Archie Bleyer; Berrak Bora Basara; Dipan Bose; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Luisa C Brant; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Kristin E Burke; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Charlton S K H Callender; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jorge Cano; Mate Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J Carrero; Austin Carter; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Alanur Çavlin; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Ana Paula Champs; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Wanqing Chen; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Ken Lee Chin; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J Choi; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M Cicuttini; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Rafael M Claro; Aaron J Cohen; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Maria-Magdalena Constantin; Sara Conti; Cyrus Cooper; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Ewerton Cousin; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Christopher Stephen Crowe; John A Crump; Alexandra Cucu; Matthew Cunningham; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Anh Kim Dang; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Siddharth K Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Nicole Davis Weaver; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Anand Dayama; Barbora de Courten; Fernando Pio De la Hoz; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Tizta T Degfie; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Balem Betsu Demtsu; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Subhojit Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Eric L Ding; Shirin Djalalinia; David Teye Doku; Kate A Dolan; Christl A Donnelly; E Ray Dorsey; Dirk Douwes-Schultz; Kerrie E Doyle; Thomas M Drake; Tim Robert Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B Duncan; Andre R Duraes; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; Dumessa Edessa; David Edvardsson; Anne Elise Eggen; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Mohammed Elfaramawi; Ziad El-Khatib; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Iqbal R F Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Reza Esmaeili; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Mahdi Fakhar; Hamed Fakhim; Tamer Farag; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Farzaneh Farhadi; Talha A Farid; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Fariba Feizy; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Daniel Obadare Fijabi; Irina Filip; Samuel Finegold; Florian Fischer; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A Foigt; John A Ford; Kyle J Foreman; Carla Fornari; Tahvi D Frank; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E Fuller; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Adriana Galan; Silvano Gallus; Ketevan Gambashidze; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo; Teshome Gebre; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Bradford D Gessner; Sefonias Getachew; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami; Reza Ghadimi; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Hesam Ghiasvand; Mamata Ghimire; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Richard F Gillum; Giorgia Giussani; Shifalika Goenka; Srinivas Goli; Ricardo Santiago Gomez; Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra C Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Bishal Gyawali; Juanita A Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Mehedi Hasan; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J Hay; Simon I Hay; Yihua He; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Mohamed I Hegazy; Behzad Heibati; Mohsen Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J Henry; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Pouria Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu; Hans W Hoek; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; Masako Horino; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Mihaela Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Abdullatif Husseini; Mohammedaman Mama Hussen; Susan Hutfless; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Ehimario U Igumbor; Chad Thomas Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi Isehunwa; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Rajesh Jain; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Spencer L James; Mehdi Javanbakht; Sudha Jayaraman; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Sun Ha Jee; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Madhanraj K; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Molla Kahssay; Rizwan Kalani; Umesh Kapil; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Narges Karimi; Seyed M Karimi; Hamidreza Karimi-Sari; Amir Kasaeian; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Zemenu Yohannes Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Marzieh Katibeh; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Hossein Kazemeini; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Prakash K C; Seifu Kebede; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Maia Kereselidze; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Tripti Khanna; Mona M Khater; Alireza Khatony; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Getiye D Dejenu Kibret; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Jun Y Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Sanjay Kinra; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimäki; Marcus E Kleber; Luke D Knibbs; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Margaret N Kosek; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Sanjay Krishn. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018, 392, 1684 -1735.

AMA Style

Daniel Dicker, Grant Nguyen, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Omar Abdel-Rahman, Alireza Abdi, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Ahmed Abdulahi Abdurahman, Haftom Temesgen Abebe, Molla Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Teshome Abuka Abebo, Victor Aboyans, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Pawan Acharya, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mina G Adib, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Jose C Adsuar, Mohsen Afarideh, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Rakesh Aggarwal, Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Sutapa Agrawal, Anurag Agrawal, Mehdi Ahmadi, Alireza Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Ali S Akanda, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Mohammed Akibu, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Animut Alebel, Alicia V Aleman, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Raghib Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Christine A Allen, Jordi Alonso, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Degefaye Zelalem Anlay, Hossein Ansari, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Olatunde Aremu, Habtamu Abera Areri, Johan Ärnlöv, Megha Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna K Aryal, Mohsen Asadi-Lari, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Reza Assadi, Zerihun Ataro, Tesfay Mehari Mehari Atey, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Suleman Atique, Sachin R Atre, Madhu Sudhan Atteraya, Engi F Attia, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide F G A Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Baffour Awuah, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Henok Tadesse Ayele, Yohanes Ayele, Rakesh Ayer, Tambe B Ayuk, Peter Azzopardi, Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Amrit Banstola, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A Barboza, Simon Barquera, Lope H Barrero, Huda Basaleem, Quique Bassat, Arindam Basu, Sanjay Basu, Bernhard T Baune, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Abate Bekele Belachew, Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay, Ezra Belay, Saba Abraham Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L Bell, Aminu K Bello, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Adam E Berman, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S Bernstein, Gregory J Bertolacci, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Neeraj Bhala, Eesh Bhatia, Samir Bhatt, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Sait Mentes Birlik, Charles Birungi, Donal Bisanzio, Tuhin Biswas, Tone Bjørge, Archie Bleyer, Berrak Bora Basara, Dipan Bose, Cristina Bosetti, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Oliver J Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Luisa C Brant, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Kristin E Burke, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Charlton S K H Callender, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Mate Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Juan J Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alanur Çavlin, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Ana Paula Champs, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Wanqing Chen, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ken Lee Chin, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J Choi, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Flavia M Cicuttini, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Aaron J Cohen, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Maria-Magdalena Constantin, Sara Conti, Cyrus Cooper, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Ewerton Cousin, Michael H Criqui, Elizabeth A Cromwell, Christopher Stephen Crowe, John A Crump, Alexandra Cucu, Matthew Cunningham, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Paul I Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Siddharth K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, José das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Aditya Prasad Dash, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Anand Dayama, Barbora de Courten, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Tizta T Degfie, Selina Deiparine, Robert P Dellavalle, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Balem Betsu Demtsu, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Don C Des Jarlais, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Subhojit Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Eric L Ding, Shirin Djalalinia, David Teye Doku, Kate A Dolan, Christl A Donnelly, E Ray Dorsey, Dirk Douwes-Schultz, Kerrie E Doyle, Thomas M Drake, Tim Robert Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B Duncan, Andre R Duraes, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Dumessa Edessa, David Edvardsson, Anne Elise Eggen, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Mohammed Elfaramawi, Ziad El-Khatib, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Iqbal R F Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Yesuf Endries, Benjamin Er, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Reza Esmaeili, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Mahdi Fakhar, Hamed Fakhim, Tamer Farag, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Talha A Farid, Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Maryam S Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Mir Sohail Fazeli, Valery L Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Fariba Feizy, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C Fernandes, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Daniel Obadare Fijabi, Irina Filip, Samuel Finegold, Florian Fischer, Luisa Sorio Flor, Nataliya A Foigt, John A Ford, Kyle J Foreman, Carla Fornari, Tahvi D Frank, Richard Charles Franklin, Takeshi Fukumoto, John E Fuller, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M Furtado, Neal D Futran, Adriana Galan, Silvano Gallus, Ketevan Gambashidze, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo, Teshome Gebre, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Bradford D Gessner, Sefonias Getachew, Peter W Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Reza Ghadimi, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Hesam Ghiasvand, Mamata Ghimire, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K Gill, Richard F Gillum, Giorgia Giussani, Shifalika Goenka, Srinivas Goli, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Atsushi Goto, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander Gugnani, Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes, Yuming Guo, Prakash C Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Bishal Gyawali, Juanita A Haagsma, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Tekleberhan B Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Hilda L Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Hamidreza Haririan, Josep Maria Haro, Mehedi Hasan, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Roderick J Hay, Simon I Hay, Yihua He, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Mohsen Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Nathaniel J Henry, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Pouria Heydarpour, Sousan Heydarpour, Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu, Hans W Hoek, Michael K Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, Masako Horino, H Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Mihaela Hostiuc, Peter J Hotez, Damian G Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Aung Soe Htet, Guoqing Hu, John J Huang, Abdullatif Husseini, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Susan Hutfless, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Ehimario U Igumbor, Chad Thomas Ikeda, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi Isehunwa, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Rajesh Jain, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Spencer L James, Mehdi Javanbakht, Sudha Jayaraman, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Sun Ha Jee, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Sarah Charlotte Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Ankur Joshi, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Madhanraj K, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Molla Kahssay, Rizwan Kalani, Umesh Kapil, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Narges Karimi, Seyed M Karimi, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Amir Kasaeian, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Marzieh Katibeh, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Hossein Kazemeini, Zhila Kazemi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Prakash K C, Seifu Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Maia Kereselidze, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Tripti Khanna, Mona M Khater, Alireza Khatony, Habibolah Khazaie, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar A Kiadaliri, Getiye D Dejenu Kibret, Cho-Il Kim, Daniel Kim, Jun Y Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Sanjay Kinra, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Niranjan Kissoon, Mika Kivimäki, Marcus E Kleber, Luke D Knibbs, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A Kopec, Margaret N Kosek, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael A Kravchenko, Kewal Krishan, Sanjay Krishn. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018; 392 (10159):1684-1735.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Dicker; Grant Nguyen; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Solomon M Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Omar Abdel-Rahman; Alireza Abdi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Ahmed Abdulahi Abdurahman; Haftom Temesgen Abebe; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Victor Aboyans; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Pawan Acharya; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Tara Ballav Adhikari; Mina G Adib; Arsène Kouablan Adou; Jose C Adsuar; Mohsen Afarideh; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Rakesh Aggarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Sutapa Agrawal; Anurag Agrawal; Mehdi Ahmadi; Alireza Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim Ahmed; Sayem Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Ali S Akanda; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Mohammed Akibu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Animut Alebel; Alicia V Aleman; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Raghib Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine A Allen; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Degefaye Zelalem Anlay; Hossein Ansari; Ansariadi Ansariadi; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Olatunde Aremu; Habtamu Abera Areri; Johan Ärnlöv; Megha Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Mohsen Asadi-Lari; Hamid Asayesh; Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom; Reza Assadi; Zerihun Ataro; Tesfay Mehari Mehari Atey; 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Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Fariba Feizy; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Daniel Obadare Fijabi; Irina Filip; Samuel Finegold; Florian Fischer; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A Foigt; John A Ford; Kyle J Foreman; Carla Fornari; Tahvi D Frank; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E Fuller; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Adriana Galan; Silvano Gallus; Ketevan Gambashidze; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo; Teshome Gebre; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Bradford D Gessner; Sefonias Getachew; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami; Reza Ghadimi; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Hesam Ghiasvand; Mamata Ghimire; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Richard F Gillum; Giorgia Giussani; Shifalika Goenka; Srinivas Goli; Ricardo Santiago Gomez; Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra C Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Bishal Gyawali; Juanita A Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Mehedi Hasan; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J Hay; Simon I Hay; Yihua He; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Mohamed I Hegazy; Behzad Heibati; Mohsen Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J Henry; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Pouria Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu; Hans W Hoek; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; Masako Horino; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Mihaela Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Abdullatif Husseini; Mohammedaman Mama Hussen; Susan Hutfless; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Ehimario U Igumbor; Chad Thomas Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi Isehunwa; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Rajesh Jain; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Spencer L James; Mehdi Javanbakht; Sudha Jayaraman; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Sun Ha Jee; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Madhanraj K; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Molla Kahssay; Rizwan Kalani; Umesh Kapil; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Narges Karimi; Seyed M Karimi; Hamidreza Karimi-Sari; Amir Kasaeian; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Zemenu Yohannes Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Marzieh Katibeh; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Hossein Kazemeini; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Prakash K C; Seifu Kebede; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Maia Kereselidze; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Tripti Khanna; Mona M Khater; Alireza Khatony; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Getiye D Dejenu Kibret; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Jun Y Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Sanjay Kinra; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimäki; Marcus E Kleber; Luke D Knibbs; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Margaret N Kosek; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Sanjay Krishn. 2018. "Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017." The Lancet 392, no. 10159: 1684-1735.

Global health metrics
Published: 01 November 2018 in The Lancet
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Summary Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both...

ACS Style

Jeffrey D Stanaway; Ashkan Afshin; Emmanuela Gakidou; Stephen S Lim; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Semaw F Abera; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Pawan Acharya; Abdu A Adamu; Akilew Awoke Adane; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Zanfina Ademi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Mina G Adib; Amha Admasie; Jose C Adsuar; Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi; Mohsen Afarideh; Gina Agarwal; Anju Aggarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Alaa Alashi; Seyed Moayed Alavian; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Komal Ali; Syed Mustafa Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Walid Ammar; Nahla Hamed Anber; Jason A Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Josep M Antó; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Lambert Tetteh Appiah; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Zerihun Ataro; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rakesh Ayer; Tambe B Ayuk; Peter Azzopardi; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Kylie Ball; Shoshana H Ballew; Maciej Banach; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Aleksandra Barac; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Eyasu Tamru Bekru; Ezra Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Gilles Bergeron; Adugnaw Berhane; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Donal Bisanzio; Tuhin Biswas; Tone Bjørge; Brigette F Blacker; Archie Bleyer; Rohan Borschmann; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J Brady; Michael Brauer; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Richard T Burnett; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Leah E Cahill; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J Carrero; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kate Causey; Kelly M Cercy; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Kai-Lan Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Miao Li Chee; Ching-Yu Cheng; Adrienne Chew; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Ken Lee Chin; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J Choi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M Cicuttini; Massimo Cirillo; Aaron J Cohen; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Cyrus Cooper; Owen R Cooper; Josef Coresh; Leslie Cornaby; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Megan Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; David K Cundiff; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Sarah C Darby; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Aniruddha Deshpande; Don C Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Gabrielle Aline Deveber; Subhojit Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; Eric L Ding; Helen Derara Diro; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B Duncan; Andre R Duraes; Natalie Ebert; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Anne Elise Eggen; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Ziad El-Khatib; Iqbal Rf Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Holly E Erskine; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Hamed Fakhim; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Talha A Farid; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Batool Fatima; Kairsten A Fay; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Giannina Ferrara; Alize J Ferrari; Manuela L Ferreira; Irina Filip; Jonas David Finger; Florian Fischer; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Takeshi Fukumoto; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Seana Gall; Silvano Gallus; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Morsaleh Ganji; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; William M Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M Geleijnse; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Reza Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mamata Ghimire; Rakesh Ghosh; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Simona Giampaoli; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Richard F Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; William W Godwin; Srinivas Goli; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Alessandra C Goulart; Ayman Grada; Morgan E Grams; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Daniela S Gutiérrez-Torres; Juanita A Haagsma; Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Josep Maria Haro; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin N Hawley; Simon I Hay; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Mohsen Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn T Hibstu; Tarig B Higazi; Esayas Haregot Hilawe; Hans W Hoek; Howard J Hoffman; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Thomas Hsiao; Guoqing Hu; Howard Hu; John J Huang; Mamusha Aman Hussen; Chantal K Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Nayu Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Maria D Jackson; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Spencer L James; Simerjot K Jassal; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Jost B Jonas; Jitendra Jonnagaddala; Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Tanuj Kanchan; Surya Kant; Chittaranjan Kar; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Narges Karimi; Seyed M Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Adane Teshome Kefale; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Gulfaraz Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mona M Khater; Mohammad Khazaei; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Daniel N Kiirithio; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimäki; Luke D Knibbs; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Kristopher J Krohn; Hans Kromhout; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Igor Kuzin; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Carl Lachat; Deepesh P Lad; Sheetal D Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Justin J Lang; Van C Lansingh; Samantha Leigh Larson; Arman Latifi; Jeffrey V Lazarus; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Mostafa Leili; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Yichong Li; Juan Liang; Xiaofeng Liang; Yu Liao; Misgan Legesse Liben; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Tim C D Lucas; Raimundas Lunevicius; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Ísis Eloah Machado; Fabiana Madotto; Hue Thi Mai; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Ana-Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Joemer C Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Ashley Marks; Randall V Martin; Sheila C O Martins; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Winfried März; Melvin B Marzan; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Prashant Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M Mehta; Varshil Mehta; Toni Meier; Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen; Yohannes A Melaku; Addisu Melese; Mulugeta Melku; Peter T N Memiah; Ziad. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018, 392, 1923 -1994.

AMA Style

Jeffrey D Stanaway, Ashkan Afshin, Emmanuela Gakidou, Stephen S Lim, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Molla Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Semaw F Abera, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Pawan Acharya, Abdu A Adamu, Akilew Awoke Adane, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Zanfina Ademi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Mina G Adib, Amha Admasie, Jose C Adsuar, Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi, Mohsen Afarideh, Gina Agarwal, Anju Aggarwal, Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Fares Alahdab, Khurshid Alam, Samiah Alam, Tahiya Alam, Alaa Alashi, Seyed Moayed Alavian, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Komal Ali, Syed Mustafa Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Walid Ammar, Nahla Hamed Anber, Jason A Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Josep M Antó, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Lambert Tetteh Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Olatunde Aremu, Johan Ärnlöv, Al Artaman, Krishna K Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Zerihun Ataro, Marcel Ausloos, Euripide F G A Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Rakesh Ayer, Tambe B Ayuk, Peter Azzopardi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Kylie Ball, Shoshana H Ballew, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Aleksandra Barac, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H Barrero, Sanjay Basu, Bernhard T Baune, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Eyasu Tamru Bekru, Ezra Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L Bell, Aminu K Bello, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Gilles Bergeron, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S Bernstein, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Suraj Bhattarai, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Ver Bilano, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Donal Bisanzio, Tuhin Biswas, Tone Bjørge, Brigette F Blacker, Archie Bleyer, Rohan Borschmann, Ibrahim R Bou-Orm, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Oliver J Brady, Michael Brauer, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Rachelle Buchbinder, Richard T Burnett, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A Butt, Leah E Cahill, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Juan J Carrero, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Kate Causey, Kelly M Cercy, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Kai-Lan Chang, Fiona J Charlson, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Miao Li Chee, Ching-Yu Cheng, Adrienne Chew, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ken Lee Chin, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J Choi, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Flavia M Cicuttini, Massimo Cirillo, Aaron J Cohen, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Cyrus Cooper, Owen R Cooper, Josef Coresh, Leslie Cornaby, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Megan Costa, Ewerton Cousin, Michael H Criqui, Elizabeth A Cromwell, David K Cundiff, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Sarah C Darby, Paul I Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Aditya Prasad Dash, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Louisa Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Robert P Dellavalle, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Aniruddha Deshpande, Don C Des Jarlais, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Gabrielle Aline Deveber, Subhojit Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, Eric L Ding, Helen Derara Diro, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, Kerrie E Doyle, Tim R Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B Duncan, Andre R Duraes, Natalie Ebert, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, David Edvardsson, Andem Effiong, Anne Elise Eggen, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Ziad El-Khatib, Iqbal Rf Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Benjamin Er, Holly E Erskine, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Hamed Fakhim, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Talha A Farid, Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Maryam S Farvid, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Batool Fatima, Kairsten A Fay, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Valery L Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C Fernandes, Giannina Ferrara, Alize J Ferrari, Manuela L Ferreira, Irina Filip, Jonas David Finger, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M Furtado, Neal D Futran, Seana Gall, Silvano Gallus, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Morsaleh Ganji, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, William M Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M Geleijnse, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Peter W Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Reza Ghadimi, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Mamata Ghimire, Rakesh Ghosh, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Simona Giampaoli, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K Gill, Richard F Gillum, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Giorgia Giussani, Elena V Gnedovskaya, William W Godwin, Srinivas Goli, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alessandra C Goulart, Ayman Grada, Morgan E Grams, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander Gugnani, Yuming Guo, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Daniela S Gutiérrez-Torres, Juanita A Haagsma, Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Tekleberhan B Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Josep Maria Haro, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Caitlin N Hawley, Simon I Hay, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Mohsen Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Sousan Heydarpour, Desalegn T Hibstu, Tarig B Higazi, Esayas Haregot Hilawe, Hans W Hoek, Howard J Hoffman, Michael K Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, H Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Damian G Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Thomas Hsiao, Guoqing Hu, Howard Hu, John J Huang, Mamusha Aman Hussen, Chantal K Huynh, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Nayu Ikeda, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Maria D Jackson, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Spencer L James, Simerjot K Jassal, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Jost B Jonas, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Ankur Joshi, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Surya Kant, Chittaranjan Kar, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Narges Karimi, Seyed M Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Zhila Kazemi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Adane Teshome Kefale, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A Khalil, Gulfaraz Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mona M Khater, Mohammad Khazaei, Habibolah Khazaie, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Aliasghar A Kiadaliri, Daniel N Kiirithio, Cho-Il Kim, Daniel Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimäki, Luke D Knibbs, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael A Kravchenko, Kewal Krishan, Kristopher J Krohn, Hans Kromhout, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Igor Kuzin, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Carl Lachat, Deepesh P Lad, Sheetal D Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Faris Hasan Lami, Justin J Lang, Van C Lansingh, Samantha Leigh Larson, Arman Latifi, Jeffrey V Lazarus, Paul H Lee, James Leigh, Mostafa Leili, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Yichong Li, Juan Liang, Xiaofeng Liang, Yu Liao, Misgan Legesse Liben, Lee-Ling Lim, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Giancarlo Logroscino, Alan D Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Tim C D Lucas, Raimundas Lunevicius, Stefan Ma, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Ísis Eloah Machado, Fabiana Madotto, Hue Thi Mai, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Ana-Laura Manda, Helena Manguerra, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Joemer C Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Ashley Marks, Randall V Martin, Sheila C O Martins, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Winfried März, Melvin B Marzan, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Prashant Mathur, Kunihiro Matsushita, Pallab K Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J McGrath, Martin McKee, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Toni Meier, Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen, Yohannes A Melaku, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Peter T N Memiah, Ziad. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018; 392 (10159):1923-1994.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey D Stanaway; Ashkan Afshin; Emmanuela Gakidou; Stephen S Lim; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Semaw F Abera; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Pawan Acharya; Abdu A Adamu; Akilew Awoke Adane; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Zanfina Ademi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Mina G Adib; Amha Admasie; Jose C Adsuar; Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi; Mohsen Afarideh; Gina Agarwal; Anju Aggarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Alaa Alashi; Seyed Moayed Alavian; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Komal Ali; Syed Mustafa Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Walid Ammar; Nahla Hamed Anber; Jason A Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Josep M Antó; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Lambert Tetteh Appiah; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Zerihun Ataro; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rakesh Ayer; Tambe B Ayuk; Peter Azzopardi; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Kylie Ball; Shoshana H Ballew; Maciej Banach; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Aleksandra Barac; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Eyasu Tamru Bekru; Ezra Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Gilles Bergeron; Adugnaw Berhane; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Donal Bisanzio; Tuhin Biswas; Tone Bjørge; Brigette F Blacker; Archie Bleyer; Rohan Borschmann; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J Brady; Michael Brauer; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Richard T Burnett; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Leah E Cahill; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J Carrero; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kate Causey; Kelly M Cercy; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Kai-Lan Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Miao Li Chee; Ching-Yu Cheng; Adrienne Chew; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Ken Lee Chin; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J Choi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M Cicuttini; Massimo Cirillo; Aaron J Cohen; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Cyrus Cooper; Owen R Cooper; Josef Coresh; Leslie Cornaby; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Megan Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; David K Cundiff; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Sarah C Darby; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Aniruddha Deshpande; Don C Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Gabrielle Aline Deveber; Subhojit Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; Eric L Ding; Helen Derara Diro; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B Duncan; Andre R Duraes; Natalie Ebert; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Anne Elise Eggen; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Ziad El-Khatib; Iqbal Rf Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Holly E Erskine; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Hamed Fakhim; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Talha A Farid; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Batool Fatima; Kairsten A Fay; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Giannina Ferrara; Alize J Ferrari; Manuela L Ferreira; Irina Filip; Jonas David Finger; Florian Fischer; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Takeshi Fukumoto; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Seana Gall; Silvano Gallus; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Morsaleh Ganji; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; William M Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M Geleijnse; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Reza Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mamata Ghimire; Rakesh Ghosh; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Simona Giampaoli; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Richard F Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; William W Godwin; Srinivas Goli; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Alessandra C Goulart; Ayman Grada; Morgan E Grams; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Daniela S Gutiérrez-Torres; Juanita A Haagsma; Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Josep Maria Haro; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin N Hawley; Simon I Hay; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Mohsen Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn T Hibstu; Tarig B Higazi; Esayas Haregot Hilawe; Hans W Hoek; Howard J Hoffman; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Thomas Hsiao; Guoqing Hu; Howard Hu; John J Huang; Mamusha Aman Hussen; Chantal K Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Nayu Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Maria D Jackson; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Spencer L James; Simerjot K Jassal; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Jost B Jonas; Jitendra Jonnagaddala; Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Tanuj Kanchan; Surya Kant; Chittaranjan Kar; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Narges Karimi; Seyed M Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Adane Teshome Kefale; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Gulfaraz Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mona M Khater; Mohammad Khazaei; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Daniel N Kiirithio; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimäki; Luke D Knibbs; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Kristopher J Krohn; Hans Kromhout; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Igor Kuzin; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Carl Lachat; Deepesh P Lad; Sheetal D Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Justin J Lang; Van C Lansingh; Samantha Leigh Larson; Arman Latifi; Jeffrey V Lazarus; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Mostafa Leili; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Yichong Li; Juan Liang; Xiaofeng Liang; Yu Liao; Misgan Legesse Liben; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Tim C D Lucas; Raimundas Lunevicius; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Ísis Eloah Machado; Fabiana Madotto; Hue Thi Mai; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Ana-Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Joemer C Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Ashley Marks; Randall V Martin; Sheila C O Martins; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Winfried März; Melvin B Marzan; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Prashant Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M Mehta; Varshil Mehta; Toni Meier; Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen; Yohannes A Melaku; Addisu Melese; Mulugeta Melku; Peter T N Memiah; Ziad. 2018. "Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017." The Lancet 392, no. 10159: 1923-1994.

Global health metrics
Published: 01 November 2018 in The Lancet
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Summary Background Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable...

ACS Style

Christopher J L Murray; Charlton S K H Callender; Xie Rachel Kulikoff; Vinay Srinivasan; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Solomon M Abay; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Omar Abdel-Rahman; Alireza Abdi; Nasrin Abdoli; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Haftom Temesgen Abebe; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Ayenew Negesse Abejie; Victor Aboyans; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Daisy Maria Xavier Abreu; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Pawan Acharya; Abdu A Adamu; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Tara Ballav Adhikari; Mina G Adib; Arsène Kouablan Adou; Jose C Adsuar; Mohsen Afarideh; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Kareha M Agesa; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Sayem Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Ali S Akanda; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Mohammed Akibu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Animut Alebel; Alicia V Aleman; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Raghib Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Ali Almasi; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Walid Ammar; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Hossein Ansari; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Olatunde Aremu; Habtamu Abera Areri; Nicholas Arian; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom; Reza Assadi; Tesfay Mehari Mehari Atey; Suleman Atique; Madhu Sudhan Atteraya; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Yohanes Ayele; Rakesh Ayer; Tambe B Ayuk; Peter Azzopardi; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H Barrero; Huda Basaleem; Quique Bassat; Arindam Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Abate Bekele Belachew; Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay; Ezra Belay; Saba Abraham Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Gilles Bergeron; Adugnaw Berhane; Adam E Berman; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Gregory J Bertolacci; Mircea Beuran; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Sait Mentes Birlik; Charles Birungi; Tuhin Biswas; Hailemichael Bizuneh; Archie Bleyer; Berrak Bora Basara; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Oliver J Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Michael Brainin; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Jerry D Brewer; Paul Svitil Briant; Gabrielle Britton; Roy Burstein; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jorge Cano; Mate Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J Carrero; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Alanur Çavlin; Ester Cerin; Julian Chalek; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Ken Lee Chin; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J Choi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Devasahayam J Christopher; Flavia M Cicuttini; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Rafael M Claro; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Haley Comfort; Maria-Magdalena Constantin; Sara Conti; Cyrus Cooper; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Leslie Cornaby; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Megan Costa; Elizabeth Cromwell; Christopher Stephen Crowe; Petra Cukelj; Matthew Cunningham; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Nicole Davis Weaver; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Tizta Tilahun Degfie; Selina Deiparine; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Balem Demtsu; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Samath D Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Daniel Dicker; Eric L Ding; Girmaye Deye Dinsa; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Kate A Dolan; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Andre R Duraes; Soheil Ebrahimpour; David Edvardsson; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Ziad El-Khatib; Iqbal Rf Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Reza Esmaeili; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Hamed Fakhim; Tamer Farag; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Kairsten A Fay; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Fariba Feizy; Ama P Fenny; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Samuel Finegold; Florian Fischer; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Carla Fornari; Thomas Fürst; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E Fuller; Nancy Fullman; Emmanuela Gakidou; Silvano Gallus; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Morsaleh Ganji; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Gregory M Garcia; Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Teshome Gebre; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Peter Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami; Reza Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Hesam Ghiasvand; Mamata Ghimire; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Srinivas Goli; Ricardo Santiago Gomez; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Alessandra C Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander C Gugnani; Jingwen Guo; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Juanita A Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Mehedi Hasan; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Simon I Hay; Yihua He; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Mohamed I Hegazy; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Desalegn T Hibstu; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Meimanat M Hosseini Chavoshi; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mohamed Hsairi; Thomas Hsiao; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Ehimario U Igumbor; Chad Thomas Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Asnake Ararsa Irenso; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi Isehunwa; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Moti Tolera Jalu; Spencer L James; Simerjot K Jassal; Mehdi Javanbakht; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Jost B Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Umesh Kapil; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Seyed M Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Zemenu Yohannes Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Seifu Kebede; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Maia Kereselidze; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Tripti Khanna; Mona M Khater; Alireza Khatony; Zahra Khazaeipour; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Getiye D Kibret; Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam; Daniel N Kiirithio; Paul Evan Kilgore; Daniel Kim; Jun Y Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Sanjay Kinra; Adnan Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Margaret N Kosek; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Sanjay Krishnaswami; Kristopher J Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Fekede Asefa Kumsa; Michael J Kutz; Sheetal D Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Hilton Lam; Faris Hasan Lami; Justin J Lang; Sonia Lanksy; Van C Lansingh; Dennis Odai Laryea; Zohra S Lassi; Arman Latifi; Avula Laxmaiah; Jeffrey V Lazarus; James B Lee; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Samson Leta; Miriam Levi; Shanshan Li; Xiaohong Li; Yichong Li; Juan Liang; Xiaofeng Liang; Misgan Legesse Liben; Lee-Ling Lim; Miteku Andualem Limenih; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Raimundas Lunevicius; Crispin Mabika Mabika; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mark T Mackay; Fabiana Madotto; Tarek Abd Elaziz Mahmood; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Manzoor Ahmad Malik; Abdullah A Mamun; Wondimu Ayele Manamo; Ana-Laura Manda; Srikanth Mangalam; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Dadi Marami; Joemer C Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Shakhnazarova Marina; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Winfried März; Melvin B Marzan; Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson; Felix Masiye; Amanda J Mason-Jones; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Pallab K Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; John J McGrath; Suresh Mehata; Sanjay Madhav Mehendale; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Ravi Mehrotra; Saeed Mehrzadi; Kala M Mehta; Varshil Mehta; Tefera C Mekonnen; Hagazi Gebr. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018, 392, 1995 -2051.

AMA Style

Christopher J L Murray, Charlton S K H Callender, Xie Rachel Kulikoff, Vinay Srinivasan, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M Abay, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Omar Abdel-Rahman, Alireza Abdi, Nasrin Abdoli, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Haftom Temesgen Abebe, Molla Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Teshome Abuka Abebo, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Victor Aboyans, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Daisy Maria Xavier Abreu, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Pawan Acharya, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mina G Adib, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Jose C Adsuar, Mohsen Afarideh, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Kareha M Agesa, Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Ali S Akanda, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Mohammed Akibu, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Animut Alebel, Alicia V Aleman, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Raghib Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Ali Almasi, Jordi Alonso, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Walid Ammar, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Hossein Ansari, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Olatunde Aremu, Habtamu Abera Areri, Nicholas Arian, Johan Ärnlöv, Al Artaman, Krishna K Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Reza Assadi, Tesfay Mehari Mehari Atey, Suleman Atique, Madhu Sudhan Atteraya, Marcel Ausloos, Euripide F G A Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Yohanes Ayele, Rakesh Ayer, Tambe B Ayuk, Peter Azzopardi, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Arefeh Babazadeh, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H Barrero, Huda Basaleem, Quique Bassat, Arindam Basu, Bernhard T Baune, Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Abate Bekele Belachew, Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay, Ezra Belay, Saba Abraham Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L Bell, Aminu K Bello, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Gilles Bergeron, Adugnaw Berhane, Adam E Berman, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S Bernstein, Gregory J Bertolacci, Mircea Beuran, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Sait Mentes Birlik, Charles Birungi, Tuhin Biswas, Hailemichael Bizuneh, Archie Bleyer, Berrak Bora Basara, Cristina Bosetti, Soufiane Boufous, Oliver J Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Michael Brainin, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Jerry D Brewer, Paul Svitil Briant, Gabrielle Britton, Roy Burstein, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Mate Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J Carrero, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alanur Çavlin, Ester Cerin, Julian Chalek, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Ken Lee Chin, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J Choi, Rajiv Chowdhury, Devasahayam J Christopher, Flavia M Cicuttini, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Haley Comfort, Maria-Magdalena Constantin, Sara Conti, Cyrus Cooper, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Leslie Cornaby, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Megan Costa, Elizabeth Cromwell, Christopher Stephen Crowe, Petra Cukelj, Matthew Cunningham, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Aditya Prasad Dash, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Tizta Tilahun Degfie, Selina Deiparine, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Balem Demtsu, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Don C Des Jarlais, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Samath D Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Daniel Dicker, Eric L Ding, Girmaye Deye Dinsa, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, Kate A Dolan, Kerrie E Doyle, Tim R Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Andre R Duraes, Soheil Ebrahimpour, David Edvardsson, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Ziad El-Khatib, Iqbal Rf Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Reza Esmaeili, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Hamed Fakhim, Tamer Farag, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha, Andre Faro, Maryam S Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Kairsten A Fay, Mir Sohail Fazeli, Valery L Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Fariba Feizy, Ama P Fenny, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Samuel Finegold, Florian Fischer, Luisa Sorio Flor, Nataliya A Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Carla Fornari, Thomas Fürst, Takeshi Fukumoto, John E Fuller, Nancy Fullman, Emmanuela Gakidou, Silvano Gallus, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Morsaleh Ganji, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Gregory M Garcia, Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Teshome Gebre, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Peter Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Reza Ghadimi, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Hesam Ghiasvand, Mamata Ghimire, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K Gill, Giorgia Giussani, Elena V Gnedovskaya, Srinivas Goli, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander C Gugnani, Jingwen Guo, Yuming Guo, Prakash C Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Juanita A Haagsma, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Tekleberhan B Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L Harb, Hamidreza Haririan, Josep Maria Haro, Mehedi Hasan, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Yihua He, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Desalegn T Hibstu, Michael K Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, H Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Meimanat M Hosseini Chavoshi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mohamed Hsairi, Thomas Hsiao, Guoqing Hu, John J Huang, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Ehimario U Igumbor, Chad Thomas Ikeda, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Asnake Ararsa Irenso, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi Isehunwa, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Moti Tolera Jalu, Spencer L James, Simerjot K Jassal, Mehdi Javanbakht, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Jost B Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Umesh Kapil, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Seyed M Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Anshul Kastor, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Seifu Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Maia Kereselidze, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Tripti Khanna, Mona M Khater, Alireza Khatony, Zahra Khazaeipour, Habibolah Khazaie, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Getiye D Kibret, Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam, Daniel N Kiirithio, Paul Evan Kilgore, Daniel Kim, Jun Y Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Sanjay Kinra, Adnan Kisa, Mika Kivimäki, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A Kopec, Margaret N Kosek, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Kristopher J Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Fekede Asefa Kumsa, Michael J Kutz, Sheetal D Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Hilton Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Justin J Lang, Sonia Lanksy, Van C Lansingh, Dennis Odai Laryea, Zohra S Lassi, Arman Latifi, Avula Laxmaiah, Jeffrey V Lazarus, James B Lee, Paul H Lee, James Leigh, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Samson Leta, Miriam Levi, Shanshan Li, Xiaohong Li, Yichong Li, Juan Liang, Xiaofeng Liang, Misgan Legesse Liben, Lee-Ling Lim, Miteku Andualem Limenih, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Raimundas Lunevicius, Crispin Mabika Mabika, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T Mackay, Fabiana Madotto, Tarek Abd Elaziz Mahmood, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Manzoor Ahmad Malik, Abdullah A Mamun, Wondimu Ayele Manamo, Ana-Laura Manda, Srikanth Mangalam, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Dadi Marami, Joemer C Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Shakhnazarova Marina, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Winfried März, Melvin B Marzan, Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson, Felix Masiye, Amanda J Mason-Jones, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Pallab K Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, John J McGrath, Suresh Mehata, Sanjay Madhav Mehendale, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ravi Mehrotra, Saeed Mehrzadi, Kala M Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Tefera C Mekonnen, Hagazi Gebr. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018; 392 (10159):1995-2051.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christopher J L Murray; Charlton S K H Callender; Xie Rachel Kulikoff; Vinay Srinivasan; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Solomon M Abay; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Omar Abdel-Rahman; Alireza Abdi; Nasrin Abdoli; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Haftom Temesgen Abebe; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Ayenew Negesse Abejie; Victor Aboyans; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Daisy Maria Xavier Abreu; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Pawan Acharya; Abdu A Adamu; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Tara Ballav Adhikari; Mina G Adib; Arsène Kouablan Adou; Jose C Adsuar; Mohsen Afarideh; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Kareha M Agesa; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Sayem Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Ali S Akanda; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Mohammed Akibu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Animut Alebel; Alicia V Aleman; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Raghib Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Ali Almasi; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Walid Ammar; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Hossein Ansari; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Olatunde Aremu; Habtamu Abera Areri; Nicholas Arian; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom; Reza Assadi; Tesfay Mehari Mehari Atey; Suleman Atique; Madhu Sudhan Atteraya; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Yohanes Ayele; Rakesh Ayer; Tambe B Ayuk; Peter Azzopardi; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H Barrero; Huda Basaleem; Quique Bassat; Arindam Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Abate Bekele Belachew; Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay; Ezra Belay; Saba Abraham Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Gilles Bergeron; Adugnaw Berhane; Adam E Berman; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Gregory J Bertolacci; Mircea Beuran; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Sait Mentes Birlik; Charles Birungi; Tuhin Biswas; Hailemichael Bizuneh; Archie Bleyer; Berrak Bora Basara; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Oliver J Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Michael Brainin; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Jerry D Brewer; Paul Svitil Briant; Gabrielle Britton; Roy Burstein; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jorge Cano; Mate Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J Carrero; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Alanur Çavlin; Ester Cerin; Julian Chalek; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Ken Lee Chin; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J Choi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Devasahayam J Christopher; Flavia M Cicuttini; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Rafael M Claro; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Haley Comfort; Maria-Magdalena Constantin; Sara Conti; Cyrus Cooper; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Leslie Cornaby; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Megan Costa; Elizabeth Cromwell; Christopher Stephen Crowe; Petra Cukelj; Matthew Cunningham; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Nicole Davis Weaver; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Tizta Tilahun Degfie; Selina Deiparine; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Balem Demtsu; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Samath D Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Daniel Dicker; Eric L Ding; Girmaye Deye Dinsa; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Kate A Dolan; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Andre R Duraes; Soheil Ebrahimpour; David Edvardsson; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Ziad El-Khatib; Iqbal Rf Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Reza Esmaeili; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Hamed Fakhim; Tamer Farag; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Kairsten A Fay; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Fariba Feizy; Ama P Fenny; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Samuel Finegold; Florian Fischer; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Carla Fornari; Thomas Fürst; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E Fuller; Nancy Fullman; Emmanuela Gakidou; Silvano Gallus; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Morsaleh Ganji; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Gregory M Garcia; Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Teshome Gebre; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Peter Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami; Reza Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Hesam Ghiasvand; Mamata Ghimire; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Srinivas Goli; Ricardo Santiago Gomez; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Alessandra C Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander C Gugnani; Jingwen Guo; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Juanita A Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Mehedi Hasan; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Simon I Hay; Yihua He; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Mohamed I Hegazy; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Desalegn T Hibstu; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Meimanat M Hosseini Chavoshi; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mohamed Hsairi; Thomas Hsiao; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Ehimario U Igumbor; Chad Thomas Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Asnake Ararsa Irenso; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi Isehunwa; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Moti Tolera Jalu; Spencer L James; Simerjot K Jassal; Mehdi Javanbakht; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Jost B Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Umesh Kapil; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Seyed M Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Zemenu Yohannes Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Seifu Kebede; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Maia Kereselidze; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Tripti Khanna; Mona M Khater; Alireza Khatony; Zahra Khazaeipour; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Getiye D Kibret; Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam; Daniel N Kiirithio; Paul Evan Kilgore; Daniel Kim; Jun Y Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Sanjay Kinra; Adnan Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A Kopec; Margaret N Kosek; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Sanjay Krishnaswami; Kristopher J Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; 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Dadi Marami; Joemer C Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Shakhnazarova Marina; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Winfried März; Melvin B Marzan; Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson; Felix Masiye; Amanda J Mason-Jones; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Pallab K Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; John J McGrath; Suresh Mehata; Sanjay Madhav Mehendale; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Ravi Mehrotra; Saeed Mehrzadi; Kala M Mehta; Varshil Mehta; Tefera C Mekonnen; Hagazi Gebr. 2018. "Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017." The Lancet 392, no. 10159: 1995-2051.

Global health metrics
Published: 01 November 2018 in The Lancet
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Summary Background Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of "leaving no one behind", it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ACS Style

Rafael Lozano; Nancy Fullman; Degu Abate; Solomon M Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Omar Abdel-Rahman; Alireza Abdi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Nebiyu Dereje Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Ayenew Negesse Abejie; Semaw F Abera; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Victor Aboyans; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Gebre Y Abyu; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Pawan Acharya; Abdu A Adamu; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Tara Ballav Adhikari; Mina G Adib; Arsène Kouablan Adou; Jose C Adsuar; Mohsen Afarideh; Mahdi Afshari; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Dominic Agius; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Sayem Ahmed; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Ali S Akanda; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Mohammed Akibu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Tahiya Alam; Ammar Albujeer; Animut Alebel; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Samia Alhabib; Raghib Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine A Allen; Ali Almasi; Fatma Al-Maskari; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Kebede Amenu; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Nahla Hamed Anber; Jason A Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Hossein Ansari; Ansariadi Ansariadi; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Lambert Tetteh Appiah; Olatunde Aremu; Habtamu Abera Areri; Johan Ärnlöv; Monika Arora; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom; Rana Jawad Asghar; Reza Assadi; Zerihun Ataro; Suleman Atique; Sachin R Atre; Madhu Sudhan Atteraya; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Henok Tadesse Ayele; Yohanes Ayele; Rakesh Ayer; Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh; Peter Azzopardi; Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Amitava Banerjee; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Amrit Banstola; Aleksandra Barac; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H Barrero; Celine M Barthelemy; Quique Bassat; Arindam Basu; Sanjay Basu; Robert J Battista; Bernhard T Baune; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Abate Bekele Belachew; Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay; Saba Abraham Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Habib Benzian; Adugnaw Berhane; Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe; Adam E Berman; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Gregory J Bertolacci; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Anil Bhansali; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Molly H Biehl; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Sait Mentes Birlik; Charles Birungi; Donal Bisanzio; Tuhin Biswas; Helen Bitew; Hailemichael Bizuneh; Espen Bjertness; Eshetu Mulisa Bobasa; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Kayvan Bozorgmehr; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Michael Brainin; Luisa C Brant; Michael Brauer; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Paul Svitil Briant; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Gene Bukhman; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Charlton Skh Callender; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jorge Cano; Josip Car; Mate Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J Carrero; Austin Carter; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Kate Causey; Alanur Çavlin; Kelly M Cercy; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Julian Chalek; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Ken Lee Chin; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J Choi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M Cicuttini; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Rafael M Claro; Thomas Khaled Dwayne Claßen; Aaron J Cohen; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Cyrus Cooper; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Leslie Cornaby; Monica Cortinovis; Megan Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Christopher Stephen Crowe; Matthew Cunningham; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Anh Kim Dang; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Siddharth K Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Adrian C Davis; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Anand Dayama; Barbora de Courten; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Hans De Steur; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Tizta Tilahun Degfie; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Balem Demtsu; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Daniel Dicker; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; Eric L Ding; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Dirk Douwes-Schultz; Tim Robert Driscoll; Leilei Duan; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B Duncan; Andre R Duraes; Soheil Ebrahimpour; David Edvardsson; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Erika Eldrenkamp; Ziad El-Khatib; Iqbal Rf Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Mahdi Fakhar; Hamed Fakhim; Jessica Fanzo; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Farzaneh Farhadi; Talha A Farid; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Hossein Farzam; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Wubalem Fekadu; Rachel Feldman; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Daniel Obadare Fijabi; Irina Filip; Samuel Finegold; Jonas David Finger; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Tahvi D Frank; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Kai Fukutaki; John E Fuller; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Emmanuela Gakidou; Silvano Gallus; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Ron T Gansevoort; Ana Cristina Garcia; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo; William M Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Teshome Gebre; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Bereket Gebremichael; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M Geleijnse; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Sefonias Getachew; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami; Reza Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Hesam Ghiasvand; Mamata Ghimire; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Simona Giampaoli; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Ellen M Goldberg; Srinivas Goli; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Taren M Gorman; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra C Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Max G Griswold; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander C Gugnani; Francis Guillemin; Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Giang Hai Ha; Juanita A Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Michael Tamene Haile; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Graeme J Hankey; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Mehedi Hasan; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin N Hawley; Simon I Hay; Yihua He; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Mohamed I Hegazy; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Mohsen Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Claudiu Herteliu; Behzad Heydarpour; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn T Hibstu; Martha Híjar; Hans W Hoek; Daniel J Hoffman; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Thomas Hsiao; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Caitlyn Hughes; Chantal K Huynh; Ehimario U Igumbor; Chad Thomas Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Rebecca Q Ivers; Neda Izadi; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Moti Tolera Jalu; Amr A Jamal; Spencer L James; Simerjot K Jassal; Mehdi Javanbakht; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Catherine O Johnson; Sarah C Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Jitendra Jonnagaddala; Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Madhanraj K; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Molla Kahssay; Rizwan Kalani; Umesh Kapil; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; Marina Karanikolos; Narges Karimi; Seyed M Karimi; Hamidreza Karimi-Sari; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Zemenu Yohannes Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Dhruv Satish Kazi; Prakash Kc; Seifu Kebede; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Tripti Khanna; Mona M Khater; Alireza Khatony; Zahra Khazaeipour; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Helen W Kiarie; Getiye D Kibret; Daniel N Kiirithio; Daniel Kim; Jun Y Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Sanjay Kinra; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimäki; Jonathan M Kocarni. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018, 392, 2091 -2138.

AMA Style

Rafael Lozano, Nancy Fullman, Degu Abate, Solomon M Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Omar Abdel-Rahman, Alireza Abdi, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Nebiyu Dereje Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Semaw F Abera, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Victor Aboyans, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh, Gebre Y Abyu, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Pawan Acharya, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mina G Adib, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Jose C Adsuar, Mohsen Afarideh, Mahdi Afshari, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Dominic Agius, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ali S Akanda, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Mohammed Akibu, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam, Ammar Albujeer, Animut Alebel, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Samia Alhabib, Raghib Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Christine A Allen, Ali Almasi, Fatma Al-Maskari, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Jordi Alonso, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Kebede Amenu, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Nahla Hamed Anber, Jason A Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Hossein Ansari, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Lambert Tetteh Appiah, Olatunde Aremu, Habtamu Abera Areri, Johan Ärnlöv, Monika Arora, Krishna K Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Rana Jawad Asghar, Reza Assadi, Zerihun Ataro, Suleman Atique, Sachin R Atre, Madhu Sudhan Atteraya, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide F G A Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Henok Tadesse Ayele, Yohanes Ayele, Rakesh Ayer, Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh, Peter Azzopardi, Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Arefeh Babazadeh, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Amitava Banerjee, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Amrit Banstola, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A Barboza, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H Barrero, Celine M Barthelemy, Quique Bassat, Arindam Basu, Sanjay Basu, Robert J Battista, Bernhard T Baune, Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Abate Bekele Belachew, Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay, Saba Abraham Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L Bell, Aminu K Bello, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Habib Benzian, Adugnaw Berhane, Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe, Adam E Berman, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S Bernstein, Gregory J Bertolacci, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Anil Bhansali, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Molly H Biehl, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Sait Mentes Birlik, Charles Birungi, Donal Bisanzio, Tuhin Biswas, Helen Bitew, Hailemichael Bizuneh, Espen Bjertness, Eshetu Mulisa Bobasa, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Kayvan Bozorgmehr, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Michael Brainin, Luisa C Brant, Michael Brauer, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Paul Svitil Briant, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Gene Bukhman, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Charlton Skh Callender, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Josip Car, Mate Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Kate Causey, Alanur Çavlin, Kelly M Cercy, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Julian Chalek, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Ken Lee Chin, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young J Choi, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Flavia M Cicuttini, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Thomas Khaled Dwayne Claßen, Aaron J Cohen, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Cyrus Cooper, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Leslie Cornaby, Monica Cortinovis, Megan Costa, Ewerton Cousin, Elizabeth A Cromwell, Christopher Stephen Crowe, Matthew Cunningham, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Paul I Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Siddharth K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, José das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Aditya Prasad Dash, Adrian C Davis, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Anand Dayama, Barbora de Courten, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Hans De Steur, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Tizta Tilahun Degfie, Selina Deiparine, Robert P Dellavalle, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Balem Demtsu, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Subhojit Dey, Samath D Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Daniel Dicker, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, Eric L Ding, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, Dirk Douwes-Schultz, Tim Robert Driscoll, Leilei Duan, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B Duncan, Andre R Duraes, Soheil Ebrahimpour, David Edvardsson, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Erika Eldrenkamp, Ziad El-Khatib, Iqbal Rf Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Mahdi Fakhar, Hamed Fakhim, Jessica Fanzo, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Talha A Farid, Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Maryam S Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Hossein Farzam, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Mir Sohail Fazeli, Valery L Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Wubalem Fekadu, Rachel Feldman, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C Fernandes, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Daniel Obadare Fijabi, Irina Filip, Samuel Finegold, Jonas David Finger, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Luisa Sorio Flor, Nataliya A Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Tahvi D Frank, Richard Charles Franklin, Takeshi Fukumoto, Kai Fukutaki, John E Fuller, Thomas Fürst, João M Furtado, Emmanuela Gakidou, Silvano Gallus, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Ron T Gansevoort, Ana Cristina Garcia, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo, William M Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Teshome Gebre, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Bereket Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M Geleijnse, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Sefonias Getachew, Peter W Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Reza Ghadimi, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Hesam Ghiasvand, Mamata Ghimire, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Simona Giampaoli, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K Gill, Giorgia Giussani, Elena V Gnedovskaya, Ellen M Goldberg, Srinivas Goli, Philimon N Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Taren M Gorman, Atsushi Goto, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Max G Griswold, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander C Gugnani, Francis Guillemin, Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes, Yuming Guo, Prakash C Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Giang Hai Ha, Juanita A Haagsma, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Tekleberhan B Hagos, Michael Tamene Haile, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Graeme J Hankey, Hilda L Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Hamidreza Haririan, Josep Maria Haro, Mehedi Hasan, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Caitlin N Hawley, Simon I Hay, Yihua He, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Mohsen Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Behzad Heydarpour, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Sousan Heydarpour, Desalegn T Hibstu, Martha Híjar, Hans W Hoek, Daniel J Hoffman, Michael K Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, Nobuyuki Horita, H Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J Hotez, Damian G Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Thomas Hsiao, Guoqing Hu, John J Huang, Caitlyn Hughes, Chantal K Huynh, Ehimario U Igumbor, Chad Thomas Ikeda, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Rebecca Q Ivers, Neda Izadi, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Moti Tolera Jalu, Amr A Jamal, Spencer L James, Simerjot K Jassal, Mehdi Javanbakht, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Catherine O Johnson, Sarah C Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Ankur Joshi, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Madhanraj K, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Molla Kahssay, Rizwan Kalani, Umesh Kapil, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, Marina Karanikolos, Narges Karimi, Seyed M Karimi, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Zhila Kazemi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Dhruv Satish Kazi, Prakash Kc, Seifu Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Tripti Khanna, Mona M Khater, Alireza Khatony, Zahra Khazaeipour, Habibolah Khazaie, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar A Kiadaliri, Helen W Kiarie, Getiye D Kibret, Daniel N Kiirithio, Daniel Kim, Jun Y Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Sanjay Kinra, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Niranjan Kissoon, Mika Kivimäki, Jonathan M Kocarni. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018; 392 (10159):2091-2138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rafael Lozano; Nancy Fullman; Degu Abate; Solomon M Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Omar Abdel-Rahman; Alireza Abdi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Nebiyu Dereje Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Ayenew Negesse Abejie; Semaw F Abera; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Victor Aboyans; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Gebre Y Abyu; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Pawan Acharya; Abdu A Adamu; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Tara Ballav Adhikari; Mina G Adib; Arsène Kouablan Adou; Jose C Adsuar; Mohsen Afarideh; Mahdi Afshari; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Dominic Agius; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Sayem Ahmed; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Ali S Akanda; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Mohammed Akibu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Tahiya Alam; Ammar Albujeer; Animut Alebel; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Samia Alhabib; Raghib Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine A Allen; Ali Almasi; Fatma Al-Maskari; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Kebede Amenu; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Nahla Hamed Anber; Jason A Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Hossein Ansari; Ansariadi Ansariadi; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Lambert Tetteh Appiah; Olatunde Aremu; Habtamu Abera Areri; Johan Ärnlöv; Monika Arora; Krishna K Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom; Rana Jawad Asghar; Reza Assadi; Zerihun Ataro; Suleman Atique; Sachin R Atre; Madhu Sudhan Atteraya; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide F G A Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Henok Tadesse Ayele; Yohanes Ayele; Rakesh Ayer; Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh; Peter Azzopardi; Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Amitava Banerjee; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Amrit Banstola; Aleksandra Barac; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H Barrero; Celine M Barthelemy; Quique Bassat; Arindam Basu; Sanjay Basu; Robert J Battista; Bernhard T Baune; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Abate Bekele Belachew; Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay; Saba Abraham Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L Bell; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Habib Benzian; Adugnaw Berhane; Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe; Adam E Berman; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S Bernstein; Gregory J Bertolacci; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Anil Bhansali; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Molly H Biehl; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Sait Mentes Birlik; Charles Birungi; Donal Bisanzio; Tuhin Biswas; Helen Bitew; Hailemichael Bizuneh; Espen Bjertness; Eshetu Mulisa Bobasa; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Kayvan Bozorgmehr; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Michael Brainin; Luisa C Brant; Michael Brauer; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Paul Svitil Briant; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Gene Bukhman; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Charlton Skh Callender; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jorge Cano; Josip Car; Mate Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J Carrero; Austin Carter; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Kate Causey; Alanur Çavlin; Kelly M Cercy; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Julian Chalek; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Ken Lee Chin; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J Choi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M Cicuttini; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Rafael M Claro; Thomas Khaled Dwayne Claßen; Aaron J Cohen; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Cyrus Cooper; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Leslie Cornaby; Monica Cortinovis; Megan Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Christopher Stephen Crowe; Matthew Cunningham; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Anh Kim Dang; Paul I Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Siddharth K Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Adrian C Davis; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Anand Dayama; Barbora de Courten; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Hans De Steur; Meaza Girma Degefa; Louisa Degenhardt; Tizta Tilahun Degfie; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Balem Demtsu; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Daniel Dicker; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; Eric L Ding; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Dirk Douwes-Schultz; Tim Robert Driscoll; Leilei Duan; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B Duncan; Andre R Duraes; Soheil Ebrahimpour; David Edvardsson; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Erika Eldrenkamp; Ziad El-Khatib; Iqbal Rf Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Mahdi Fakhar; Hamed Fakhim; Jessica Fanzo; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Farzaneh Farhadi; Talha A Farid; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Hossein Farzam; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Wubalem Fekadu; Rachel Feldman; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Daniel Obadare Fijabi; Irina Filip; Samuel Finegold; Jonas David Finger; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Tahvi D Frank; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Kai Fukutaki; John E Fuller; Thomas Fürst; João M Furtado; Emmanuela Gakidou; Silvano Gallus; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Ron T Gansevoort; Ana Cristina Garcia; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo; William M Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Teshome Gebre; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Bereket Gebremichael; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M Geleijnse; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Sefonias Getachew; Peter W Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami; Reza Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Hesam Ghiasvand; Mamata Ghimire; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Simona Giampaoli; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K Gill; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Ellen M Goldberg; Srinivas Goli; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Taren M Gorman; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra C Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Max G Griswold; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander C Gugnani; Francis Guillemin; Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes; Yuming Guo; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Giang Hai Ha; Juanita A Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli; Tekleberhan B Hagos; Michael Tamene Haile; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Graeme J Hankey; Hilda L Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Mehedi Hasan; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin N Hawley; Simon I Hay; Yihua He; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Mohamed I Hegazy; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Mohsen Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Claudiu Herteliu; Behzad Heydarpour; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn T Hibstu; Martha Híjar; Hans W Hoek; Daniel J Hoffman; Michael K Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Thomas Hsiao; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Caitlyn Hughes; Chantal K Huynh; Ehimario U Igumbor; Chad Thomas Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Rebecca Q Ivers; Neda Izadi; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Moti Tolera Jalu; Amr A Jamal; Spencer L James; Simerjot K Jassal; Mehdi Javanbakht; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Catherine O Johnson; Sarah C Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Jitendra Jonnagaddala; Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Madhanraj K; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Molla Kahssay; Rizwan Kalani; Umesh Kapil; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; Marina Karanikolos; Narges Karimi; Seyed M Karimi; Hamidreza Karimi-Sari; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Zemenu Yohannes Kassa; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Dhruv Satish Kazi; Prakash Kc; Seifu Kebede; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Tripti Khanna; Mona M Khater; Alireza Khatony; Zahra Khazaeipour; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar A Kiadaliri; Helen W Kiarie; Getiye D Kibret; Daniel N Kiirithio; Daniel Kim; Jun Y Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Sanjay Kinra; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimäki; Jonathan M Kocarni. 2018. "Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017." The Lancet 392, no. 10159: 2091-2138.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2018 in International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education
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Purpose This paper aims to determine, from key actors’ perspective, how sustainability has been integrated into the policies and strategies of higher education institutions (HEIs), particularly Portuguese public universities, within the framework of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (UN DESD) 2005-2014. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured exploratory interviews were conducted after gathering a sample of 15 key actors in decision-making processes who designed and implemented Portuguese education for sustainable development (ESD). Seven interviews with the key actors were undertaken and analyzed, leading to other plans, policies and programs that were not publicly accessible. Findings The main findings are the lack of commitment from governmental institutions to implementing ESD at the university level and how few documents are partially linked to sustainable development, according to the key actors’ opinions. Nevertheless, Portuguese universities’ autonomy and their social responsibility have lead them to develop several initiatives and policies toward ESD. Research limitations/implications Convenience sample does not allow results to be generalized to all Portuguese HEIs. Future investigation will be undertaken, including the analysis of plans, policies and strategies at university level, and a questionnaire survey will be applied to those responsible for implementing sustainability in Portuguese universities. Practical implications This study provides findings, conclusions and recommendations that ultimately motivate HEIs to achieve sustainable development and to be more effective in integrating sustainability into their policies and strategies. Originality/value The paper contributes to the literature by reflecting the lack of integration of policies and strategies in HEIs in a southern European country (Portugal), within the framework and goals of the UN DESD 2005-2014, and by explaining similar patterns probably existing in other countries.

ACS Style

Carla Sofia Farinha; Ulisses Azeiteiro; Sandra Sofia Caeiro. Education for sustainable development in Portuguese universities. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 2018, 19, 912 -941.

AMA Style

Carla Sofia Farinha, Ulisses Azeiteiro, Sandra Sofia Caeiro. Education for sustainable development in Portuguese universities. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 2018; 19 (5):912-941.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Sofia Farinha; Ulisses Azeiteiro; Sandra Sofia Caeiro. 2018. "Education for sustainable development in Portuguese universities." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 19, no. 5: 912-941.

Global health metrics
Published: 12 September 2017 in The Lancet
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Summary Background The UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of "leaving no one behind". Understanding today's gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990–2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030. Methods We used standardised GBD 2016 methods to measure 37 health-related indicators from 1990 to 2016, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2015. We substantially revised the universal health coverage (UHC) measure, which focuses on coverage of essential health services, to also represent personal health-care access and quality for several non-communicable diseases. We transformed each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile estimated between 1990 and 2030, and 100 as the 97·5th percentile during that time. An index representing all 37 health-related SDG indicators was constructed by taking the geometric mean of scaled indicators by target. On the basis of past trends, we produced projections of indicator values, using a weighted average of the indicator and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2016 with weights for each annual rate of change based on out-of-sample validity. 24 of the currently measured health-related SDG indicators have defined SDG targets, against which we assessed attainment. Findings Globally, the median health-related SDG index was 56·7 (IQR 31·9–66·8) in 2016 and country-level performance markedly varied, with Singapore (86·8, 95% uncertainty interval 84·6–88·9), Iceland (86·0, 84·1–87·6), and Sweden (85·6, 81·8–87·8) having the highest levels in 2016 and Afghanistan (10·9, 9·6–11·9), the Central African Republic (11·0, 8·8–13·8), and Somalia (11·3, 9·5–13·1) recording the lowest. Between 2000 and 2016, notable improvements in the UHC index were achieved by several countries, including Cambodia, Rwanda, Equatorial Guinea, Laos, Turkey, and China; however, a number of countries, such as Lesotho and the Central African Republic, but also high-income countries, such as the USA, showed minimal gains. Based on projections of past trends, the median number of SDG targets attained in 2030 was five (IQR 2–8) of the 24 defined targets currently measured. Globally, projected target attainment considerably varied by SDG indicator, ranging from more than 60% of countries projected to reach targets for under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria, to less than 5% of countries projected to achieve targets linked to 11 indicator targets, including those for childhood overweight, tuberculosis, and road injury mortality. For several of the health-related SDGs, meeting defined targets hinges upon substantially faster progress than what most countries have achieved in the past. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides an updated and expanded evidence base on where the world currently stands in terms of the health-related SDGs. Our improved measure of UHC offers a basis to monitor the expansion of health services necessary to meet the SDGs. Based on past rates of progress, many places are facing challenges in meeting defined health-related SDG targets, particularly among countries that are the worst off. In view of the early stages of SDG implementation, however, opportunity remains to take actions to accelerate progress, as shown by the catalytic effects of adopting the Millennium Development Goals after 2000. With the SDGs' broader, bolder development agenda, multisectoral commitments and investments are vital to make the health-related SDGs within reach of all populations. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ACS Style

Nancy Fullman; Ryan M Barber; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Abdishakur M Abdulle; Semaw Ferede Abera; Victor Aboyans; Laith J Abu-Raddad; Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Olatunji Adetokunboh; Ashkan Afshin; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Sneha Aiyar; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Hossein Ansari; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Megha Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna Kumar Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom; Reza Assadi; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Sachin R Atre; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Peter Azzopardi; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Marlena S Bannick; Aleksandra Barac; Suzanne L Barker-Collo; Till Bärnighausen; Lope H Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Katherine E Battle; Bernhard T Baune; Justin Beardsley; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Michelle L Bell; Derrick A Bennett; James R Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Derbew Fikadu Berhe; Eduardo Bernabé; Balem Demtsu Betsu; Mircea Beuran; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Neeraj Bhala; Anil Bhansali; Samir Bhatt; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli; Boris Bikbov; Arebu I Bilal; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu; Christopher D Blosser; Dube Jara Boneya; Dipan Bose; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Michael Brauer; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Traolach S Brugha; Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ewan Cameron; Julio Cesar Campuzano; Hélène Carabin; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan Jesus Carrero; Austin Carter; Daniel C Casey; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Ruben Estanislao Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kelly Cercy; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Adrienne Chew; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Massimo Cirillo; Cyrus Cooper; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; John A Crump; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I Dargan; José das Neves; Dragos V Davitoiu; Barbora de Courten; Hans De Steur; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Kebede Deribe; Gabrielle A Deveber; Eric L Ding; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Aaron van Donkelaar; E Ray Dorsey; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Bruce Bartholow Duncan; Beth E Ebel; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Ziad Ziad El-Khatib; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon; Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha; André Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; João C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Abraham D Flaxman; Nataliya Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Tahvi Frank; Richard C Franklin; Joseph Friedman; Joseph J Frostad; Thomas Fürst; Joao M Furtado; Emmanuela Gakidou; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ayele Geleto; Bikila Lencha Gemechu; Peter W Gething; Katherine B Gibney; Paramjit Singh Gill; Richard F Gillum; Ababi Zergaw Giref; Melkamu Dedefo Gishu; Giorgia Giussani; Scott D Glenn; William W Godwin; Ellen M Goldberg; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Yevgeniy Goryakin; Max Griswold; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Mouhanad Hammami; Graeme J Hankey; Hilda L Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin Hawley; Simon I Hay; Jiawei He; Delia Hendrie; Nathaniel J Henry; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Hans W Hoek; Mollie Holmberg; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Sorin Hostiuc; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Aung Soe Htet; John J Huang; Hsiang Huang; Chantal Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Chad Ikeda; Manami Inoue; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B Jakovljevic; Alejandra Jauregui; Mehdi Javanbakht; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Vivekanand Jha; Denny John; Catherine O Johnson; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Ritul Kamal; André Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Amir Kasaeian; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Sefonias Getachew Kelbore; Laura Kemmer; Andre Pascal Kengne; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Ardeshir Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Christian Kieling; Jun Y Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimaki; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael Kravchenko; Kristopher J Krohn; Xie Rachel Kulikoff; G Anil Kumar; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Michael J Kutz; Hmwe H Kyu; Ratilal Lalloo; Van C Lansingh; Anders Larsson; Jeffrey Victor Lazarus; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Janni Leung; Ricky Leung; Miriam Levi; YongMei Li; Misgan Legesse Liben; Shai Linn; Patrick Y Liu; Shiwei Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Katharine J Looker; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Timothy C D Lucas; Raimundas Lunevicius; Mark T Mackay; Emilie R Maddison; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Rajesh Malhotra; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Helena Manguerra; Lorenzo G Mantovani; Tsegahun Manyazewal; Chabila C Mapoma; Guy B Marks; Randall V Martin; Jose Martinez-Raga; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Manu Raj Mathur; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; Madeline McGaughey; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Suresh Mehata; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Toni Meier; Kidanu Gebremariam Meles; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Mubarek Abera Mengistie; George A Mensah; Gert B M Mensink; Seid Tiku Mereta; Tuomo J Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Renata Micha; Anoushka Millear; Ted R Miller; Shawn Minnig; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Shiva Raj Mishra; Philip B Mitchell; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Kedir Endris Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Murali B V Mohan; Ali H Mokdad; Sarah K Mollenkopf; Lorenzo Monasta; Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez; Marcella Montico; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Shane D Morrison; Mark W Moses; Cliff Mountjoy-Venning; Ulrich O Mueller; Kate Muller; Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S Naidoo; Vinay Nangia; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Ionut Negoi; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Marika Nomura; Vuong Minh Nong; Ole F Norheim; Jean Jacques N Noubiap; Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju; Pedro R Olivares; Helen E Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Kanyin Ong; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Mayowa O Owolabi; Mahesh Pa; Adrian Pana; Basant Kumar Panda; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Christina Papachristou; Eun-Kee Park; George C Patton; Katherine Paulson; David M Pereira; David Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; David M Pigott; Julian David Pillay; Christine Pinho; Michael A Piradov; Farhad Pishgar; Richie G Poulton; Farshad Pourmalek; Mostafa Qorbani; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Mahfuzar Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sasa Rajsic; Usha Ram; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Puja C Rao; Salman Rawaf; Patrick Reidy; Robert C Reiner; Nikolas Reinig; Marissa B Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M N Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Satar Rezaei; Maria Jesus Rios Blancas; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Kedir Teji Roba; David Rojas-Rueda; Mohammad Bagher Rokni; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A Roth; Ambuj Roy; Enrico Rubagotti; Nafis Sadat; Mahdi Safdarian; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Joseph Salama; Joshua A Salomon; Abdallah M Samy; Juan Ramon Sanabria; Damian Santomauro; Itamar S Santos; João Vasco Santos; Milena M Santric Milicevic; Benn Sartorius; Maheswar Satpathy; Monika Sawhney; Sonia Saxena; Mete I Saylan; Maria Inês Schmidt; Ione J C Schneider; Matthew T Schneider; Ben Schöttker; Aletta E Schutte; David C Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Edson E Servan-Mori; Katya Anne Shackelford; Amira Shaheen; Saeid Shahraz; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mansour Shamsipour; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Jayendra Sharma; Rajesh Sharma; Jun She; Peilin Shi; Kenji Shibuya; Chloe Shields; Girma Temam Shifa; Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Min-Jeong Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Shreya Shirude; Kawkab Shishani; Haitham Shoman; Mark G Shrime; Donald H Silberberg; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; João Pedro Silva; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Jasvinder A Singh; Virendra Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Eirini Skiadaresi; Erica Leigh Slepak; Amber Sligar; David L Smith; Alison Smith; Mari Smith; Badr H A Sobaih; Eugene Sobngwi; Michael Soljak; Samir Soneji; Reed J D Sorensen; Luciano A Sposato; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Vinay Srinivasan; Jeffrey D Stanaway; Dan J Stein; Caitlyn Steiner; Sabine Steinke; Mark Andrew Stokes; Bryan Strub; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Bruno F Sunguya; Patrick J Sur; Soumya Swaminathan; Bryan L Sykes; Dillon O Sylte; Cassandra E I Szoeke; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Nikhil Tandon; Tianchan Tao; Yihunie L Tarekegn; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Nuno Taveira; Teketo Kassaw Tegegne; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Gizachew Assefa Tessema; Js Thakur; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Amanda G Thrift; Tenaw Yimer Tiruye; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Roman Topor-Madry; Anna Torre; Miguel Tortajada; Bach Xuan Tran; Christopher Troeger; Thomas Truelsen; Derrick Tsoi; Kald Beshir Tuem; Emin Murat Tuzcu; Stefanos Tyrovolas; Kingsley N Ukwaja; Ch. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2017, 390, 1423 -1459.

AMA Style

Nancy Fullman, Ryan M Barber, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Kaja M Abbas, Foad Abd-Allah, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Abdishakur M Abdulle, Semaw Ferede Abera, Victor Aboyans, Laith J Abu-Raddad, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Olatunji Adetokunboh, Ashkan Afshin, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Agrawal, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Sneha Aiyar, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alam, Deena Alasfoor, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Christine Allen, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Hossein Ansari, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Megha Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Reza Assadi, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Sachin R Atre, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Peter Azzopardi, Umar Bacha, Alaa Badawi, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Marlena S Bannick, Aleksandra Barac, Suzanne L Barker-Collo, Till Bärnighausen, Lope H Barrero, Sanjay Basu, Katherine E Battle, Bernhard T Baune, Justin Beardsley, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Yannick Béjot, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, James R Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Derbew Fikadu Berhe, Eduardo Bernabé, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Mircea Beuran, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Neeraj Bhala, Anil Bhansali, Samir Bhatt, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Boris Bikbov, Arebu I Bilal, Charles Birungi, Stan Biryukov, Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu, Christopher D Blosser, Dube Jara Boneya, Dipan Bose, Ibrahim R Bou-Orm, Michael Brauer, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Traolach S Brugha, Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto, Zahid A Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ewan Cameron, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Hélène Carabin, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan Jesus Carrero, Austin Carter, Daniel C Casey, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ruben Estanislao Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Kelly Cercy, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J Charlson, Adrienne Chew, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal A Chitheer, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Massimo Cirillo, Cyrus Cooper, Michael H Criqui, Elizabeth A Cromwell, John A Crump, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I Dargan, José das Neves, Dragos V Davitoiu, Barbora de Courten, Hans De Steur, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Louisa Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Kebede Deribe, Gabrielle A Deveber, Eric L Ding, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, Aaron van Donkelaar, E Ray Dorsey, Tim R Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Beth E Ebel, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Ziad Ziad El-Khatib, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Holly E Erskine, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon, Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha, André Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Mir Sohail Fazeli, Valery L Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, João C Fernandes, Alize J Ferrari, Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Abraham D Flaxman, Nataliya Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Tahvi Frank, Richard C Franklin, Joseph Friedman, Joseph J Frostad, Thomas Fürst, Joao M Furtado, Emmanuela Gakidou, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ayele Geleto, Bikila Lencha Gemechu, Peter W Gething, Katherine B Gibney, Paramjit Singh Gill, Richard F Gillum, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, Giorgia Giussani, Scott D Glenn, William W Godwin, Ellen M Goldberg, Philimon N Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Yevgeniy Goryakin, Max Griswold, Harish Chander Gugnani, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Vipin Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Mouhanad Hammami, Graeme J Hankey, Hilda L Harb, Habtamu Abera Hareri, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Rasmus Havmoeller, Caitlin Hawley, Simon I Hay, Jiawei He, Delia Hendrie, Nathaniel J Henry, Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Hans W Hoek, Mollie Holmberg, Nobuyuki Horita, H Dean Hosgood, Sorin Hostiuc, Damian G Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Aung Soe Htet, John J Huang, Hsiang Huang, Chantal Huynh, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Chad Ikeda, Manami Inoue, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B Jakovljevic, Alejandra Jauregui, Mehdi Javanbakht, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Vivekanand Jha, Denny John, Catherine O Johnson, Sarah Charlotte Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Ritul Kamal, André Karch, Corine Kakizi Karema, Amir Kasaeian, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Anshul Kastor, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Norito Kawakami, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Sefonias Getachew Kelbore, Laura Kemmer, Andre Pascal Kengne, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Ardeshir Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Christian Kieling, Jun Y Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Daniel Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimaki, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Jacek A Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael Kravchenko, Kristopher J Krohn, Xie Rachel Kulikoff, G Anil Kumar, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Michael J Kutz, Hmwe H Kyu, Ratilal Lalloo, Van C Lansingh, Anders Larsson, Jeffrey Victor Lazarus, Paul H Lee, James Leigh, Janni Leung, Ricky Leung, Miriam Levi, YongMei Li, Misgan Legesse Liben, Shai Linn, Patrick Y Liu, Shiwei Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Katharine J Looker, Alan D Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Timothy C D Lucas, Raimundas Lunevicius, Mark T Mackay, Emilie R Maddison, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Rajesh Malhotra, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Helena Manguerra, Lorenzo G Mantovani, Tsegahun Manyazewal, Chabila C Mapoma, Guy B Marks, Randall V Martin, Jose Martinez-Raga, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Manu Raj Mathur, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Madeline McGaughey, John J McGrath, Martin McKee, Suresh Mehata, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Toni Meier, Kidanu Gebremariam Meles, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Mubarek Abera Mengistie, George A Mensah, Gert B M Mensink, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tuomo J Meretoja, Atte Meretoja, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Renata Micha, Anoushka Millear, Ted R Miller, Shawn Minnig, Mojde Mirarefin, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Awoke Misganaw, Shiva Raj Mishra, Philip B Mitchell, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Kedir Endris Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Murali B V Mohan, Ali H Mokdad, Sarah K Mollenkopf, Lorenzo Monasta, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Marcella Montico, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Shane D Morrison, Mark W Moses, Cliff Mountjoy-Venning, Ulrich O Mueller, Kate Muller, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Mohsen Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Kovin S Naidoo, Vinay Nangia, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Marika Nomura, Vuong Minh Nong, Ole F Norheim, Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew Toyin Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju, Pedro R Olivares, Helen E Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Kanyin Ong, Eyal Oren, Alberto Ortiz, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh Pa, Adrian Pana, Basant Kumar Panda, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Christina Papachristou, Eun-Kee Park, George C Patton, Katherine Paulson, David M Pereira, David Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Max Petzold, Michael Robert Phillips, David M Pigott, Julian David Pillay, Christine Pinho, Michael A Piradov, Farhad Pishgar, Richie G Poulton, Farshad Pourmalek, Mostafa Qorbani, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mahfuzar Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Sasa Rajsic, Usha Ram, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Puja C Rao, Salman Rawaf, Patrick Reidy, Robert C Reiner, Nikolas Reinig, Marissa B Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M N Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Satar Rezaei, Maria Jesus Rios Blancas, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Kedir Teji Roba, David Rojas-Rueda, Mohammad Bagher Rokni, Gholamreza Roshandel, Gregory A Roth, Ambuj Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, Nafis Sadat, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Joseph Salama, Joshua A Salomon, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Ramon Sanabria, Damian Santomauro, Itamar S Santos, João Vasco Santos, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Mete I Saylan, Maria Inês Schmidt, Ione J C Schneider, Matthew T Schneider, Ben Schöttker, Aletta E Schutte, David C Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, Soraya Seedat, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson E Servan-Mori, Katya Anne Shackelford, Amira Shaheen, Saeid Shahraz, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mansour Shamsipour, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Jayendra Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Peilin Shi, Kenji Shibuya, Chloe Shields, Girma Temam Shifa, Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Min-Jeong Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Shreya Shirude, Kawkab Shishani, Haitham Shoman, Mark G Shrime, Donald H Silberberg, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, João Pedro Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Jasvinder A Singh, Virendra Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Eirini Skiadaresi, Erica Leigh Slepak, Amber Sligar, David L Smith, Alison Smith, Mari Smith, Badr H A Sobaih, Eugene Sobngwi, Michael Soljak, Samir Soneji, Reed J D Sorensen, Luciano A Sposato, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Vinay Srinivasan, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Dan J Stein, Caitlyn Steiner, Sabine Steinke, Mark Andrew Stokes, Bryan Strub, Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Bruno F Sunguya, Patrick J Sur, Soumya Swaminathan, Bryan L Sykes, Dillon O Sylte, Cassandra E I Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Nikhil Tandon, Tianchan Tao, Yihunie L Tarekegn, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Nuno Taveira, Teketo Kassaw Tegegne, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Js Thakur, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Amanda G Thrift, Tenaw Yimer Tiruye, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Roman Topor-Madry, Anna Torre, Miguel Tortajada, Bach Xuan Tran, Christopher Troeger, Thomas Truelsen, Derrick Tsoi, Kald Beshir Tuem, Emin Murat Tuzcu, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Kingsley N Ukwaja, Ch. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017; 390 (10100):1423-1459.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nancy Fullman; Ryan M Barber; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Abdishakur M Abdulle; Semaw Ferede Abera; Victor Aboyans; Laith J Abu-Raddad; Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Olatunji Adetokunboh; Ashkan Afshin; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Sneha Aiyar; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Hossein Ansari; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Megha Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna Kumar Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom; Reza Assadi; Tesfay Mehari Atey; 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Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S Naidoo; Vinay Nangia; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Ionut Negoi; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Marika Nomura; Vuong Minh Nong; Ole F Norheim; Jean Jacques N Noubiap; Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju; Pedro R Olivares; Helen E Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Kanyin Ong; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Mayowa O Owolabi; Mahesh Pa; Adrian Pana; Basant Kumar Panda; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Christina Papachristou; Eun-Kee Park; George C Patton; Katherine Paulson; David M Pereira; David Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; David M Pigott; Julian David Pillay; Christine Pinho; Michael A Piradov; Farhad Pishgar; Richie G Poulton; Farshad Pourmalek; Mostafa Qorbani; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Mahfuzar Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sasa Rajsic; Usha Ram; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Puja C Rao; Salman Rawaf; Patrick Reidy; Robert C Reiner; Nikolas Reinig; Marissa B Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M N Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Satar Rezaei; Maria Jesus Rios Blancas; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Kedir Teji Roba; David Rojas-Rueda; Mohammad Bagher Rokni; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A Roth; Ambuj Roy; Enrico Rubagotti; Nafis Sadat; Mahdi Safdarian; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Joseph Salama; Joshua A Salomon; Abdallah M Samy; Juan Ramon Sanabria; Damian Santomauro; Itamar S Santos; João Vasco Santos; Milena M Santric Milicevic; Benn Sartorius; Maheswar Satpathy; Monika Sawhney; Sonia Saxena; Mete I Saylan; Maria Inês Schmidt; Ione J C Schneider; Matthew T Schneider; Ben Schöttker; Aletta E Schutte; David C Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Edson E Servan-Mori; Katya Anne Shackelford; Amira Shaheen; Saeid Shahraz; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mansour Shamsipour; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Jayendra Sharma; Rajesh Sharma; Jun She; Peilin Shi; Kenji Shibuya; Chloe Shields; Girma Temam Shifa; Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Min-Jeong Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Shreya Shirude; Kawkab Shishani; Haitham Shoman; Mark G Shrime; Donald H Silberberg; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; João Pedro Silva; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Jasvinder A Singh; Virendra Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Eirini Skiadaresi; Erica Leigh Slepak; Amber Sligar; David L Smith; Alison Smith; Mari Smith; Badr H A Sobaih; Eugene Sobngwi; Michael Soljak; Samir Soneji; Reed J D Sorensen; Luciano A Sposato; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Vinay Srinivasan; Jeffrey D Stanaway; Dan J Stein; Caitlyn Steiner; Sabine Steinke; Mark Andrew Stokes; Bryan Strub; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Bruno F Sunguya; Patrick J Sur; Soumya Swaminathan; Bryan L Sykes; Dillon O Sylte; Cassandra E I Szoeke; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Nikhil Tandon; Tianchan Tao; Yihunie L Tarekegn; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Nuno Taveira; Teketo Kassaw Tegegne; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Gizachew Assefa Tessema; Js Thakur; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Amanda G Thrift; Tenaw Yimer Tiruye; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Roman Topor-Madry; Anna Torre; Miguel Tortajada; Bach Xuan Tran; Christopher Troeger; Thomas Truelsen; Derrick Tsoi; Kald Beshir Tuem; Emin Murat Tuzcu; Stefanos Tyrovolas; Kingsley N Ukwaja; Ch. 2017. "Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016." The Lancet 390, no. 10100: 1423-1459.

Global health metrics
Published: 01 September 2017 in The Lancet
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Summary Background Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9–78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8–75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0–49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0–44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97–6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74–6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08–6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61–1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69–2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (–2·3% [–5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ACS Style

Simon I Hay; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Abdishakur M Abdulle; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Semaw Ferede Abera; Victor Aboyans; Laith J Abu-Raddad; Ilana N Ackerman; Isaac A Adedeji; Olatunji Adetokunboh; Ashkan Afshin; Rakesh Aggarwal; Sutapa Agrawal; Anurag Agrawal; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Sneha Aiyar; Tomi F Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Faris Hasan Al Lami; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Tahiya Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Raghib Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Juma M Alkaabi; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Fatma Al-Maskari; Mohammad AbdulAziz AlMazroa; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Shirina Alsowaidi; Benjamin M Althouse; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Johan Ärnlöv; Megha Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna Kumar Aryal; Solomon W Asgedom; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Niguse Tadele Atnafu; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Shally Awasthi; Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh; Peter Azzopardi; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Marlena S Bannick; Aleksandra Barac; Suzanne L Barker-Collo; Till Bärnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lope H Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Robert Battista; Katherine E Battle; Bernhard T Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Justin Beardsley; Neeraj Bedi; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Michelle L Bell; Derrick A Bennett; James R Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Jennifer Benson; Adugnaw Berhane; Derbew Fikadu Berhe; Eduardo Bernabé; Balem Demtsu Betsu; Mircea Beuran; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Anil Bhansali; Samir Bhatt; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Kelly Bienhoff; Boris Bikbov; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Donal Bisanzio; Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu; Fiona M Blyth; Dube Jara Boneya; Dipan Bose; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Rupert R A Bourne; Michael Brainin; Carol Brayne; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Paul S Briant; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach S Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto; Blair R Bumgarner; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ewan Cameron; Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato; Hélène Carabin; Rosario Cárdenas; David O Carpenter; Juan Jesus Carrero; Austin Carter; Felix Carvalho; Daniel Casey; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Chris D Castle; Ferrán Catalá-López; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Honglei Chen; Mirriam Chibalabala; Chioma Ezinne Chibueze; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Rajiv Chowdhury; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Danny Colombara; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Cyrus Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Marita Cross; John A Crump; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Koustuv Dalal; Albertino Damasceno; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; José das Neves; Dragos V Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Barbora de Courten; Diego De Leo; Hans De Steur; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Amare Deribew; Don C Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Preet K Dhillon; Daniel Dicker; Shirin Djalainia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; E Ray Dorsey; Kadine Priscila Bender dos Santos; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Bruce Bartholow Duncan; Beth E Ebel; Michelle Echko; Ziad Ziad El-Khatib; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E Erskine; Setegn Eshetie; Babak Eshrati; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel; Tamer Farag; Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha; André Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; João C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Abraham D Flaxman; Nataliya Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Richard C Franklin; Joseph J Frostad; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; Joao M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Emmanuela Gakidou; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Teshome Gebre; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ayele Geleto; Bikila Lencha Gemechu; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Peter W Gething; Alireza Ghajar; Katherine B Gibney; Richard F Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi; Melkamu Dedefo Gishu; Giorgia Giussani; William W Godwin; Kashish Goel; Shifalika Goenka; Ellen M Goldberg; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Richard A Gosselin; Carolyn C Gotay; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra Carvalho Goulart; Nicholas Graetz; Harish Chander Gugnani; Prakash C Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Reyna A Gutiérrez; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Mouhanad Hammami; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Josep Maria Haro; Kimani M Harun; James Harvey; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J Hay; Mohammad T Hedayati; Delia Hendrie; Nathaniel J Henry; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Pouria Heydarpour; Hans W Hoek; Howard J Hoffman; Masako Horino; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Chantal Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Ehimario Uche Igumbor; Chad Ikeda; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B Jakovljevic; Peter James; Simerjot K Jassal; Mehdi Javanbakht; Sudha P Jayaraman; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Paul N Jensen; Vivekanand Jha; Guohong Jiang; Denny John; Catherine O Johnson; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Ritul Kamal; Chittaranjan Kar; Nadim E Karam; André Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Seyed M Karimi; Chante Karimkhani; Amir Kasaeian; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Nigussie Assefa Kassaw; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Christian Kieling; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimaki; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Dhaval Kolte; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Georgios A Kotsakis; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael Kravchenko; Kristopher J Krohn; G Anil Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Hmwe H Kyu; Anton Carl Jonas Lager; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Nkurunziza Lambert; Qing Lan; Van C Lansingh; Anders Larsson; Janet L Leasher; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Ricky Leung; Miriam Levi; Yichong Li; YongMei Li; Xiaofeng Liang; Misgan Legesse Liben; Stephen S Lim; Shai Linn; Patrick Y Liu; Angela Liu; Shiwei Liu; Yang Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Katharine J Looker; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Timothy C D Lucas; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A Lyons; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Emilie R Maddison; Hassan Magdy Abd Magdy Abd El Razek; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Carlos Magis-Rodriguez; Mahdi Mahdavi; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Rajesh Malhotra; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Helena Manguerra; Treh Manhertz; Lorenzo G Mantovani; Chabila C Mapoma; Lyn M March; Laurie B Marczak; Jose Martinez-Raga; Paulo Henrique Viegas Martins; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried März; Manu Raj Mathur; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; Madeline McGaughey; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Suresh Mehata; Toni Meier; Kidanu Gebremariam Meles; Peter Memiah; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Mubarek Abera Mengistie; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; George A Mensah; Tuomo J Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Renata Micha; Anoushka Millear; Ted R Miller; Shawn Minnig; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Shiva Raj Mishra; Philip B Mitchell; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Alireza Mohammadi; Muktar Sano Kedir Mohammed; Kedir Endris Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Murali B V Mohan; Ali H Mokdad; Sarah K Mollenkopf; Lorenzo Monasta; Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez; Marcella Montico; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Rintaro Mori; Shane D Morrison; Mark Moses; Cliff Mountjoy-Venning; Kalayu Birhane Mruts; Ulrich O Mueller; Kate Muller; Michele E Murdoch; Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy; Srinivas Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Jean B Nachega; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S Naidoo; Vinay Nangia; Jamal T Nasher; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Dumessa Edessa Negasa; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Ionut Negoi; Charles R Newton; Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Vuong Minh Nong; Ole F Norheim; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques N Noubiap; Alypio Nyandwi; Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer; Martin J O'Donnell; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Anselm Okoro; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju; Helen E Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Kanyin Ong; John Nelson Opio; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Richard H Osborne; Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman; Majdi Osman; Erika Ota; Mayowa O Owolabi; Mahesh Pa; Rosana E Pacella; Basant Kumar Panda; Jeyaraj Durai Pandian; Christina Papachristou; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D Parry; Mahboubeh Parsaeian; Snehal T Patil; Scott B Patten; George C Patton; Deepak Paudel; Katherine Paulson; Neil Pearce; David M Pereira; Krystle Marie Perez; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Carrie Beth Peterson; William Arthur Petri; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; Geoffrey Phipps; David M Pigott; Julian David Pillay; Christine Pinho; Michael A Piradov; Dietrich Plass; Martin A Pletcher; Svetlana Popova; Richie G Poulton; Farshad Pourmalek; Dorairaj Prabhakaran; Narayan Prasad; Carrie Purcell; Manorama Purwar; Mostafa Qorbani; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rynaz H S Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Kazem Rahimi; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Mahfuzar Rahman; Rajesh Kum. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2017, 390, 1260 -1344.

AMA Style

Simon I Hay, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Kaja M Abbas, Foad Abd-Allah, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Abdishakur M Abdulle, Teshome Abuka Abebo, Semaw Ferede Abera, Victor Aboyans, Laith J Abu-Raddad, Ilana N Ackerman, Isaac A Adedeji, Olatunji Adetokunboh, Ashkan Afshin, Rakesh Aggarwal, Sutapa Agrawal, Anurag Agrawal, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Sneha Aiyar, Tomi F Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Faris Hasan Al Lami, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alam, Tahiya Alam, Deena Alasfoor, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Raghib Ali, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Juma M Alkaabi, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Christine Allen, Fatma Al-Maskari, Mohammad AbdulAziz AlMazroa, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Shirina Alsowaidi, Benjamin M Althouse, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Johan Ärnlöv, Megha Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Solomon W Asgedom, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Niguse Tadele Atnafu, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Shally Awasthi, Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh, Peter Azzopardi, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Umar Bacha, Alaa Badawi, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Marlena S Bannick, Aleksandra Barac, Suzanne L Barker-Collo, Till Bärnighausen, Simon Barquera, Lope H Barrero, Sanjay Basu, Robert Battista, Katherine E Battle, Bernhard T Baune, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin Beardsley, Neeraj Bedi, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, James R Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Jennifer Benson, Adugnaw Berhane, Derbew Fikadu Berhe, Eduardo Bernabé, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Mircea Beuran, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Anil Bhansali, Samir Bhatt, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Kelly Bienhoff, Boris Bikbov, Charles Birungi, Stan Biryukov, Donal Bisanzio, Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu, Fiona M Blyth, Dube Jara Boneya, Dipan Bose, Ibrahim R Bou-Orm, Rupert R A Bourne, Michael Brainin, Carol Brayne, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Paul S Briant, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach S Brugha, Rachelle Buchbinder, Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto, Blair R Bumgarner, Zahid A Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ewan Cameron, Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato, Hélène Carabin, Rosario Cárdenas, David O Carpenter, Juan Jesus Carrero, Austin Carter, Felix Carvalho, Daniel Casey, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Chris D Castle, Ferrán Catalá-López, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J Charlson, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Honglei Chen, Mirriam Chibalabala, Chioma Ezinne Chibueze, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal A Chitheer, Rajiv Chowdhury, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Danny Colombara, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Cyrus Cooper, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Michael H Criqui, Elizabeth A Cromwell, Marita Cross, John A Crump, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Koustuv Dalal, Albertino Damasceno, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, José das Neves, Dragos V Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Barbora de Courten, Diego De Leo, Hans De Steur, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Louisa Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Robert P Dellavalle, Kebede Deribe, Amare Deribew, Don C Des Jarlais, Subhojit Dey, Samath D Dharmaratne, Preet K Dhillon, Daniel Dicker, Shirin Djalainia, Huyen Phuc Do, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, E Ray Dorsey, Kadine Priscila Bender dos Santos, Tim R Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Beth E Ebel, Michelle Echko, Ziad Ziad El-Khatib, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Holly E Erskine, Setegn Eshetie, Babak Eshrati, Alireza Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel, Tamer Farag, Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha, André Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Mir Sohail Fazeli, Valery L Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, João C Fernandes, Alize J Ferrari, Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Abraham D Flaxman, Nataliya Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Richard C Franklin, Joseph J Frostad, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, Joao M Furtado, Neal D Futran, Emmanuela Gakidou, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Teshome Gebre, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ayele Geleto, Bikila Lencha Gemechu, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Peter W Gething, Alireza Ghajar, Katherine B Gibney, Richard F Gillum, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, Giorgia Giussani, William W Godwin, Kashish Goel, Shifalika Goenka, Ellen M Goldberg, Philimon N Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Richard A Gosselin, Carolyn C Gotay, Atsushi Goto, Alessandra Carvalho Goulart, Nicholas Graetz, Harish Chander Gugnani, Prakash C Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Vipin Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Reyna A Gutiérrez, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Mouhanad Hammami, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L Harb, Habtamu Abera Hareri, Josep Maria Haro, Kimani M Harun, James Harvey, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Rasmus Havmoeller, Roderick J Hay, Mohammad T Hedayati, Delia Hendrie, Nathaniel J Henry, Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Pouria Heydarpour, Hans W Hoek, Howard J Hoffman, Masako Horino, Nobuyuki Horita, H Dean Hosgood, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J Hotez, Damian G Hoy, Aung Soe Htet, Guoqing Hu, John J Huang, Chantal Huynh, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Ehimario Uche Igumbor, Chad Ikeda, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B Jakovljevic, Peter James, Simerjot K Jassal, Mehdi Javanbakht, Sudha P Jayaraman, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Paul N Jensen, Vivekanand Jha, Guohong Jiang, Denny John, Catherine O Johnson, Sarah Charlotte Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Ritul Kamal, Chittaranjan Kar, Nadim E Karam, André Karch, Corine Kakizi Karema, Seyed M Karimi, Chante Karimkhani, Amir Kasaeian, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Nigussie Assefa Kassaw, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Anshul Kastor, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Christian Kieling, Yun Jin Kim, Daniel Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek, Niranjan Kissoon, Mika Kivimaki, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Dhaval Kolte, Jacek A Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Georgios A Kotsakis, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael Kravchenko, Kristopher J Krohn, G Anil Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Hmwe H Kyu, Anton Carl Jonas Lager, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Nkurunziza Lambert, Qing Lan, Van C Lansingh, Anders Larsson, Janet L Leasher, Paul H Lee, James Leigh, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Janni Leung, Ricky Leung, Miriam Levi, Yichong Li, YongMei Li, Xiaofeng Liang, Misgan Legesse Liben, Stephen S Lim, Shai Linn, Patrick Y Liu, Angela Liu, Shiwei Liu, Yang Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Giancarlo Logroscino, Katharine J Looker, Alan D Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Timothy C D Lucas, Raimundas Lunevicius, Ronan A Lyons, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Emilie R Maddison, Hassan Magdy Abd Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez, Mahdi Mahdavi, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Rajesh Malhotra, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Helena Manguerra, Treh Manhertz, Lorenzo G Mantovani, Chabila C Mapoma, Lyn M March, Laurie B Marczak, Jose Martinez-Raga, Paulo Henrique Viegas Martins, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Winfried März, Manu Raj Mathur, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Madeline McGaughey, John J McGrath, Martin McKee, Suresh Mehata, Toni Meier, Kidanu Gebremariam Meles, Peter Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Mubarek Abera Mengistie, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, George A Mensah, Tuomo J Meretoja, Atte Meretoja, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Renata Micha, Anoushka Millear, Ted R Miller, Shawn Minnig, Mojde Mirarefin, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Awoke Misganaw, Shiva Raj Mishra, Philip B Mitchell, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Alireza Mohammadi, Muktar Sano Kedir Mohammed, Kedir Endris Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Murali B V Mohan, Ali H Mokdad, Sarah K Mollenkopf, Lorenzo Monasta, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Marcella Montico, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Rintaro Mori, Shane D Morrison, Mark Moses, Cliff Mountjoy-Venning, Kalayu Birhane Mruts, Ulrich O Mueller, Kate Muller, Michele E Murdoch, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy, Srinivas Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Jean B Nachega, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Kovin S Naidoo, Vinay Nangia, Jamal T Nasher, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Dumessa Edessa Negasa, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Ionut Negoi, Charles R Newton, Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Vuong Minh Nong, Ole F Norheim, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Alypio Nyandwi, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer, Martin J O'Donnell, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Anselm Okoro, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew Toyin Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju, Helen E Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Kanyin Ong, John Nelson Opio, Eyal Oren, Alberto Ortiz, Richard H Osborne, Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman, Majdi Osman, Erika Ota, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh Pa, Rosana E Pacella, Basant Kumar Panda, Jeyaraj Durai Pandian, Christina Papachristou, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D Parry, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Snehal T Patil, Scott B Patten, George C Patton, Deepak Paudel, Katherine Paulson, Neil Pearce, David M Pereira, Krystle Marie Perez, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Carrie Beth Peterson, William Arthur Petri, Max Petzold, Michael Robert Phillips, Geoffrey Phipps, David M Pigott, Julian David Pillay, Christine Pinho, Michael A Piradov, Dietrich Plass, Martin A Pletcher, Svetlana Popova, Richie G Poulton, Farshad Pourmalek, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Narayan Prasad, Carrie Purcell, Manorama Purwar, Mostafa Qorbani, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Rynaz H S Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Kazem Rahimi, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mahfuzar Rahman, Rajesh Kum. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017; 390 (10100):1260-1344.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simon I Hay; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Abdishakur M Abdulle; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Semaw Ferede Abera; Victor Aboyans; Laith J Abu-Raddad; Ilana N Ackerman; Isaac A Adedeji; Olatunji Adetokunboh; Ashkan Afshin; Rakesh Aggarwal; Sutapa Agrawal; Anurag Agrawal; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Sneha Aiyar; Tomi F Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Faris Hasan Al Lami; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Tahiya Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Raghib Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Juma M Alkaabi; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Fatma Al-Maskari; Mohammad AbdulAziz AlMazroa; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Shirina Alsowaidi; Benjamin M Althouse; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Johan Ärnlöv; Megha Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna Kumar Aryal; Solomon W Asgedom; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Niguse Tadele Atnafu; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Shally Awasthi; Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh; Peter Azzopardi; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Marlena S Bannick; Aleksandra Barac; Suzanne L Barker-Collo; Till Bärnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lope H Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Robert Battista; Katherine E Battle; Bernhard T Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Justin Beardsley; Neeraj Bedi; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Michelle L Bell; Derrick A Bennett; James R Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Jennifer Benson; Adugnaw Berhane; Derbew Fikadu Berhe; Eduardo Bernabé; Balem Demtsu Betsu; Mircea Beuran; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Anil Bhansali; Samir Bhatt; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Kelly Bienhoff; Boris Bikbov; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Donal Bisanzio; Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu; Fiona M Blyth; Dube Jara Boneya; Dipan Bose; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Rupert R A Bourne; Michael Brainin; Carol Brayne; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Paul S Briant; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach S Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto; Blair R Bumgarner; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ewan Cameron; Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato; Hélène Carabin; Rosario Cárdenas; David O Carpenter; Juan Jesus Carrero; Austin Carter; Felix Carvalho; Daniel Casey; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Chris D Castle; Ferrán Catalá-López; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Honglei Chen; Mirriam Chibalabala; Chioma Ezinne Chibueze; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Rajiv Chowdhury; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Danny Colombara; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Cyrus Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Michael H Criqui; Elizabeth A Cromwell; Marita Cross; John A Crump; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Koustuv Dalal; Albertino Damasceno; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; José das Neves; Dragos V Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Barbora de Courten; Diego De Leo; Hans De Steur; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Amare Deribew; Don C Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Preet K Dhillon; Daniel Dicker; Shirin Djalainia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; E Ray Dorsey; Kadine Priscila Bender dos Santos; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Bruce Bartholow Duncan; Beth E Ebel; Michelle Echko; Ziad Ziad El-Khatib; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E Erskine; Setegn Eshetie; Babak Eshrati; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel; Tamer Farag; Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha; André Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; João C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Abraham D Flaxman; Nataliya Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Richard C Franklin; Joseph J Frostad; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; Joao M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Emmanuela Gakidou; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Teshome Gebre; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ayele Geleto; Bikila Lencha Gemechu; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Peter W Gething; Alireza Ghajar; Katherine B Gibney; Richard F Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi; Melkamu Dedefo Gishu; Giorgia Giussani; William W Godwin; Kashish Goel; Shifalika Goenka; Ellen M Goldberg; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Richard A Gosselin; Carolyn C Gotay; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra Carvalho Goulart; Nicholas Graetz; Harish Chander Gugnani; Prakash C Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Reyna A Gutiérrez; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Mouhanad Hammami; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Josep Maria Haro; Kimani M Harun; James Harvey; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J Hay; Mohammad T Hedayati; Delia Hendrie; Nathaniel J Henry; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Pouria Heydarpour; Hans W Hoek; Howard J Hoffman; Masako Horino; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Chantal Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Ehimario Uche Igumbor; Chad Ikeda; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B Jakovljevic; Peter James; Simerjot K Jassal; Mehdi Javanbakht; Sudha P Jayaraman; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Paul N Jensen; Vivekanand Jha; Guohong Jiang; Denny John; Catherine O Johnson; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Ritul Kamal; Chittaranjan Kar; Nadim E Karam; André Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Seyed M Karimi; Chante Karimkhani; Amir Kasaeian; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Nigussie Assefa Kassaw; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Abdullah T Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Christian Kieling; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimaki; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Dhaval Kolte; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Georgios A Kotsakis; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael Kravchenko; Kristopher J Krohn; G Anil Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Hmwe H Kyu; Anton Carl Jonas Lager; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Nkurunziza Lambert; Qing Lan; Van C Lansingh; Anders Larsson; Janet L Leasher; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Ricky Leung; Miriam Levi; Yichong Li; YongMei Li; Xiaofeng Liang; Misgan Legesse Liben; Stephen S Lim; Shai Linn; Patrick Y Liu; Angela Liu; Shiwei Liu; Yang Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Katharine J Looker; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Timothy C D Lucas; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A Lyons; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Emilie R Maddison; Hassan Magdy Abd Magdy Abd El Razek; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Carlos Magis-Rodriguez; Mahdi Mahdavi; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Rajesh Malhotra; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Helena Manguerra; Treh Manhertz; Lorenzo G Mantovani; Chabila C Mapoma; Lyn M March; Laurie B Marczak; Jose Martinez-Raga; Paulo Henrique Viegas Martins; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried März; Manu Raj Mathur; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; Madeline McGaughey; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Suresh Mehata; Toni Meier; Kidanu Gebremariam Meles; Peter Memiah; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Mubarek Abera Mengistie; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; George A Mensah; Tuomo J Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Renata Micha; Anoushka Millear; Ted R Miller; Shawn Minnig; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Shiva Raj Mishra; Philip B Mitchell; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Alireza Mohammadi; Muktar Sano Kedir Mohammed; Kedir Endris Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Murali B V Mohan; Ali H Mokdad; Sarah K Mollenkopf; Lorenzo Monasta; Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez; Marcella Montico; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Rintaro Mori; Shane D Morrison; Mark Moses; Cliff Mountjoy-Venning; Kalayu Birhane Mruts; Ulrich O Mueller; Kate Muller; Michele E Murdoch; Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy; Srinivas Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Jean B Nachega; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S Naidoo; Vinay Nangia; Jamal T Nasher; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Dumessa Edessa Negasa; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Ionut Negoi; Charles R Newton; Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Vuong Minh Nong; Ole F Norheim; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques N Noubiap; Alypio Nyandwi; Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer; Martin J O'Donnell; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Anselm Okoro; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju; Helen E Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Kanyin Ong; John Nelson Opio; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Richard H Osborne; Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman; Majdi Osman; Erika Ota; Mayowa O Owolabi; Mahesh Pa; Rosana E Pacella; Basant Kumar Panda; Jeyaraj Durai Pandian; Christina Papachristou; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D Parry; Mahboubeh Parsaeian; Snehal T Patil; Scott B Patten; George C Patton; Deepak Paudel; Katherine Paulson; Neil Pearce; David M Pereira; Krystle Marie Perez; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Carrie Beth Peterson; William Arthur Petri; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; Geoffrey Phipps; David M Pigott; Julian David Pillay; Christine Pinho; Michael A Piradov; Dietrich Plass; Martin A Pletcher; Svetlana Popova; Richie G Poulton; Farshad Pourmalek; Dorairaj Prabhakaran; Narayan Prasad; Carrie Purcell; Manorama Purwar; Mostafa Qorbani; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rynaz H S Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Kazem Rahimi; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Mahfuzar Rahman; Rajesh Kum. 2017. "Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016." The Lancet 390, no. 10100: 1260-1344.

Global health metrics
Published: 01 September 2017 in The Lancet
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Summary Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8–75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0–8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0–62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0–7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3–50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8–5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0–49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5–5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5–46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2–5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3–3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0–11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862–11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018–19 228). Interpretation The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-to-date information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.

ACS Style

Theo Vos; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Abdishakur M Abdulle; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Semaw Ferede Abera; Victor Aboyans; Laith J Abu-Raddad; Ilana N Ackerman; Abdu Abdullahi Adamu; Olatunji Adetokunboh; Mohsen Afarideh; Ashkan Afshin; Sanjay Kumar Agarwal; Rakesh Aggarwal; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Sneha Aiyar; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Nadia Akseer; Faris Hasan Al Lami; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Tahiya Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Raghib Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Fatma Al-Maskari; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Shirina Alsowaidi; Khalid A Altirkawi; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Hjalte H Andersen; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna Kumar Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Solomon W Asgedom; Reza Assadi; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Niguse Tadele Atnafu; Sachin R Atre; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokphako; Ashish Awasthi; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Amitava Banerjee; Marlena S Bannick; Aleksandra Barac; Ryan M Barber; Suzanne L Barker-Collo; Till Bärnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lars Barregard; Lope H Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Bob Battista; Katherine E Battle; Bernhard T Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Justin Beardsley; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Michelle L Bell; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Jennifer Benson; Adugnaw Berhane; Derbew Fikadu Berhe; Eduardo Bernabé; Balem Demtsu Betsu; Mircea Beuran; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Neeraj Bhala; Anil Bhansali; Samir Bhatt; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Kelly Bienhoff; Boris Bikbov; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Donal Bisanzio; Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu; Dube Jara Boneya; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert R A Bourne; Alexandra Brazinova; Traolach S Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto; Blair R Bumgarner; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ewan Cameron; Mate Car; Hélène Carabin; Jonathan R Carapetis; Rosario Cárdenas; David O Carpenter; Juan Jesus Carrero; Austin Carter; Felix Carvalho; Daniel C Casey; Valeria Caso; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Chris D Castle; Ferrán Catalá-López; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Honglei Chen; Mirriam Chibalabala; Chioma Ezinne Chibueze; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Danny Colombara; Cyrus Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Michael H Criqui; John A Crump; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Koustuv Dalal; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; José das Neves; Dragos V Davitoiu; Barbora de Courten; Diego De De Leo; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Don C Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Preet Kaur Dhillon; Daniel Dicker; Eric L Ding; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; E Ray Dorsey; Kadine Priscila Bender dos Santos; Dirk Douwes-Schultz; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Bruce Bartholow Duncan; Ziad Ziad El-Khatib; Jerisha Ellerstrand; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel; Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha; André Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; João C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Abraham D Flaxman; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Richard C Franklin; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; Joao M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Emmanuela Gakidou; Morsaleh Ganji; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Teshome Gebre; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Ayele Geleto; Bikila Lencha Gemechu; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Peter W Gething; Alireza Ghajar; Katherine B Gibney; Paramjit Singh Gill; Richard F Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi; Ababi Zergaw Giref; Melkamu Dedefo Gishu; Giorgia Giussani; William W Godwin; Audra L Gold; Ellen M Goldberg; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra Carvalho Goulart; Max Griswold; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Sarah Wulf Hanson; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Josep Maria Haro; James Harvey; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin Hawley; Simon I Hay; Roderick J Hay; Nathaniel J Henry; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Julio Montañez Hernandez; Pouria Heydarpour; Hans W Hoek; Howard J Hoffman; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; Hsiang Huang; Chantal Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Ehimario Uche Igumbor; Chad Ikeda; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B Jakovljevic; Simerjot K Jassal; Mehdi Javanbakht; Sudha P Jayaraman; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Paul N Jensen; Vivekanand Jha; Guohong Jiang; Denny John; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Catherine O Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Ritul Kamal; Haidong Kan; Nadim E Karam; André Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Amir Kasaeian; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Nigussie Assefa Kassaw; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Ardeshir Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Christian Kieling; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Pauline Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimaki; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Dhaval Kolte; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael Kravchenko; Sanjay Krishnaswami; Kristopher J Krohn; G Anil Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Sanjiv Kumar; Hmwe H Kyu; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Nkurunziza Lambert; Qing Lan; Anders Larsson; Pablo M Lavados; Janet L Leasher; Paul H Lee; Jong-Tae Lee; James Leigh; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Ricky Leung; Miriam Levi; Yichong Li; YongMei Li; Darya Li Kappe; Xiaofeng Liang; Misgan Legesse Liben; Stephen S Lim; Shai Linn; Patrick Y Liu; Angela Liu; Shiwei Liu; Yang Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Stephanie J London; Katharine J Looker; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Nicola Low; Rafael Lozano; Timothy C D Lucas; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Mahdi Mahdavi; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Rajesh Malhotra; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Helena Manguerra; Treh Manhertz; Ana Mantilla; Lorenzo G Mantovani; Chabila C Mapoma; Laurie B Marczak; Jose Martinez-Raga; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried März; Manu Raj Mathur; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; Madeline McGaughey; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Claire McNellan; Suresh Mehata; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Tefera Chane Mekonnen; Peter Memiah; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Mubarek Abera Mengistie; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; George A Mensah; Tuomo J Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Renata Micha; Anoushka Millear; Ted R Miller; Edward J Mills; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Shiva Raj Mishra; Philip B Mitchell; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Alireza Mohammadi; Kedir Endris Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Sanjay K Mohanty; Ali H Mokdad; Sarah K Mollenkopf; Lorenzo Monasta; Marcella Montico; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Rintaro Mori; Chloe Morozoff; Shane D Morrison; Mark Moses; Cliff Mountjoy-Venning; Kalayu Birhane Mruts; Ulrich O Mueller; Kate Muller; Michele E Murdoch; Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Jean B Nachega; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S Naidoo; Luigi Naldi; Vinay Nangia; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Dumessa Edessa Negasa; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Ionut Negoi; Charles R Newton; Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Sandra Nolte; Vuong Minh Nong; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques N Noubiap; Martin J O'Donnell; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Anselm Okoro; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Helen E Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Kanyin Ong; John Nelson Opio; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman; Majdi Osman; Mayowa O Owolabi; Mahesh Pa; Rosana E Pacella; Adrian Pana; Basant Kumar Panda; Christina Papachristou; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D Parry; Mahboubeh Parsaeian; Scott B Patten; George C Patton; Katherine Paulson; Neil Pearce; David M Pereira; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Carrie Beth Peterson; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; David M Pigott; Julian David Pillay; Christine Pinho; Dietrich Plass; Martin A Pletcher; Svetlana Popova; Richie G Poulton; Farshad Pourmalek; Dorairaj Prabhakaran; Noela M Prasad; Narayan Prasad; Carrie Purcell; Mostafa Qorbani; Reginald Quansah; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rynaz H S Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Kazem Rahimi; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Mahfuzar Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sasa Rajsic; Usha Ram; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Zane Rankin; Puja C Rao; Paturi Vishnupriya Rao; Salman Rawaf; Sarah E Ray; Robert C Reiner; Nikolas Reinig; Marissa B Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M N Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Satar Rezaei; Antonio L Ribeiro; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A Roth; Ambuj Roy; Enrico Rubagotti; George Mugambage Ruhago; Soheil Saadat; Nafis Sadat; Mahdi Safdarian; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Ramesh Sahathevan; Joseph Salama; Huda Omer Ba Saleem; Joshua A Salomon; Sundeep Santosh Salvi; Abdallah M Samy; Juan R Sanabria; Damian Santomauro; Itamar S Santos; João Vasco Santos; Milena M Santric Milicevic; Benn Sartorius; Maheswar Satpathy; Monika Sawhney; Sonia Saxena; Maria Inês Schmidt; Ione J C Schneider; Ben Schöttker; David C Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Edson E Servan-Mori; Tesfaye Setegn; Katya Anne Shackelford; Amira Shaheen; Masoo. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2017, 390, 1211 -1259.

AMA Style

Theo Vos, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Kaja M Abbas, Foad Abd-Allah, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Abdishakur M Abdulle, Teshome Abuka Abebo, Semaw Ferede Abera, Victor Aboyans, Laith J Abu-Raddad, Ilana N Ackerman, Abdu Abdullahi Adamu, Olatunji Adetokunboh, Mohsen Afarideh, Ashkan Afshin, Sanjay Kumar Agarwal, Rakesh Aggarwal, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Agrawal, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Sneha Aiyar, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Nadia Akseer, Faris Hasan Al Lami, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alam, Tahiya Alam, Deena Alasfoor, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Raghib Ali, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Christine Allen, Fatma Al-Maskari, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Shirina Alsowaidi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Azmeraw T Amare, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Hjalte H Andersen, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Johan Ärnlöv, Al Artaman, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Solomon W Asgedom, Reza Assadi, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Niguse Tadele Atnafu, Sachin R Atre, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokphako, Ashish Awasthi, Umar Bacha, Alaa Badawi, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Amitava Banerjee, Marlena S Bannick, Aleksandra Barac, Ryan M Barber, Suzanne L Barker-Collo, Till Bärnighausen, Simon Barquera, Lars Barregard, Lope H Barrero, Sanjay Basu, Bob Battista, Katherine E Battle, Bernhard T Baune, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin Beardsley, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Jennifer Benson, Adugnaw Berhane, Derbew Fikadu Berhe, Eduardo Bernabé, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Mircea Beuran, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Neeraj Bhala, Anil Bhansali, Samir Bhatt, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Kelly Bienhoff, Boris Bikbov, Charles Birungi, Stan Biryukov, Donal Bisanzio, Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu, Dube Jara Boneya, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert R A Bourne, Alexandra Brazinova, Traolach S Brugha, Rachelle Buchbinder, Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto, Blair R Bumgarner, Zahid A Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ewan Cameron, Mate Car, Hélène Carabin, Jonathan R Carapetis, Rosario Cárdenas, David O Carpenter, Juan Jesus Carrero, Austin Carter, Felix Carvalho, Daniel C Casey, Valeria Caso, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Chris D Castle, Ferrán Catalá-López, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J Charlson, Honglei Chen, Mirriam Chibalabala, Chioma Ezinne Chibueze, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal A Chitheer, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Danny Colombara, Cyrus Cooper, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Michael H Criqui, John A Crump, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Koustuv Dalal, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, José das Neves, Dragos V Davitoiu, Barbora de Courten, Diego De De Leo, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Louisa Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Robert P Dellavalle, Kebede Deribe, Don C Des Jarlais, Subhojit Dey, Samath D Dharmaratne, Preet Kaur Dhillon, Daniel Dicker, Eric L Ding, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, E Ray Dorsey, Kadine Priscila Bender dos Santos, Dirk Douwes-Schultz, Kerrie E Doyle, Tim R Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Ziad Ziad El-Khatib, Jerisha Ellerstrand, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Holly E Erskine, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel, Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha, André Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Mir Sohail Fazeli, Valery L Feigin, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, João C Fernandes, Alize J Ferrari, Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Abraham D Flaxman, Luisa Sorio Flor, Nataliya Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Richard C Franklin, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, Joao M Furtado, Neal D Futran, Emmanuela Gakidou, Morsaleh Ganji, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Teshome Gebre, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Ayele Geleto, Bikila Lencha Gemechu, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Peter W Gething, Alireza Ghajar, Katherine B Gibney, Paramjit Singh Gill, Richard F Gillum, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, Giorgia Giussani, William W Godwin, Audra L Gold, Ellen M Goldberg, Philimon N Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Atsushi Goto, Alessandra Carvalho Goulart, Max Griswold, Harish Chander Gugnani, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Vipin Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L Harb, Habtamu Abera Hareri, Josep Maria Haro, James Harvey, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Rasmus Havmoeller, Caitlin Hawley, Simon I Hay, Roderick J Hay, Nathaniel J Henry, Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Julio Montañez Hernandez, Pouria Heydarpour, Hans W Hoek, Howard J Hoffman, Nobuyuki Horita, H Dean Hosgood, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J Hotez, Damian G Hoy, Aung Soe Htet, Guoqing Hu, Hsiang Huang, Chantal Huynh, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Ehimario Uche Igumbor, Chad Ikeda, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B Jakovljevic, Simerjot K Jassal, Mehdi Javanbakht, Sudha P Jayaraman, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Paul N Jensen, Vivekanand Jha, Guohong Jiang, Denny John, Sarah Charlotte Johnson, Catherine O Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Ritul Kamal, Haidong Kan, Nadim E Karam, André Karch, Corine Kakizi Karema, Amir Kasaeian, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Nigussie Assefa Kassaw, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Anshul Kastor, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Ardeshir Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Christian Kieling, Yun Jin Kim, Daniel Kim, Pauline Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimaki, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Dhaval Kolte, Jacek A Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael Kravchenko, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Kristopher J Krohn, G Anil Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Sanjiv Kumar, Hmwe H Kyu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Nkurunziza Lambert, Qing Lan, Anders Larsson, Pablo M Lavados, Janet L Leasher, Paul H Lee, Jong-Tae Lee, James Leigh, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Janni Leung, Ricky Leung, Miriam Levi, Yichong Li, YongMei Li, Darya Li Kappe, Xiaofeng Liang, Misgan Legesse Liben, Stephen S Lim, Shai Linn, Patrick Y Liu, Angela Liu, Shiwei Liu, Yang Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Giancarlo Logroscino, Stephanie J London, Katharine J Looker, Alan D Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Nicola Low, Rafael Lozano, Timothy C D Lucas, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Mahdi Mahdavi, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Rajesh Malhotra, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Helena Manguerra, Treh Manhertz, Ana Mantilla, Lorenzo G Mantovani, Chabila C Mapoma, Laurie B Marczak, Jose Martinez-Raga, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Winfried März, Manu Raj Mathur, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Madeline McGaughey, John J McGrath, Martin McKee, Claire McNellan, Suresh Mehata, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Peter Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Mubarek Abera Mengistie, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, George A Mensah, Tuomo J Meretoja, Atte Meretoja, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Renata Micha, Anoushka Millear, Ted R Miller, Edward J Mills, Mojde Mirarefin, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Awoke Misganaw, Shiva Raj Mishra, Philip B Mitchell, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Alireza Mohammadi, Kedir Endris Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Sanjay K Mohanty, Ali H Mokdad, Sarah K Mollenkopf, Lorenzo Monasta, Marcella Montico, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Rintaro Mori, Chloe Morozoff, Shane D Morrison, Mark Moses, Cliff Mountjoy-Venning, Kalayu Birhane Mruts, Ulrich O Mueller, Kate Muller, Michele E Murdoch, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Jean B Nachega, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Kovin S Naidoo, Luigi Naldi, Vinay Nangia, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Dumessa Edessa Negasa, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Ionut Negoi, Charles R Newton, Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Sandra Nolte, Vuong Minh Nong, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Martin J O'Donnell, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Anselm Okoro, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju, Andrew Toyin Olagunju, Helen E Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Kanyin Ong, John Nelson Opio, Eyal Oren, Alberto Ortiz, Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman, Majdi Osman, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh Pa, Rosana E Pacella, Adrian Pana, Basant Kumar Panda, Christina Papachristou, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D Parry, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Scott B Patten, George C Patton, Katherine Paulson, Neil Pearce, David M Pereira, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Carrie Beth Peterson, Max Petzold, Michael Robert Phillips, David M Pigott, Julian David Pillay, Christine Pinho, Dietrich Plass, Martin A Pletcher, Svetlana Popova, Richie G Poulton, Farshad Pourmalek, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Noela M Prasad, Narayan Prasad, Carrie Purcell, Mostafa Qorbani, Reginald Quansah, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Rynaz H S Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Kazem Rahimi, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mahfuzar Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Sasa Rajsic, Usha Ram, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Zane Rankin, Puja C Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya Rao, Salman Rawaf, Sarah E Ray, Robert C Reiner, Nikolas Reinig, Marissa B Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M N Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Satar Rezaei, Antonio L Ribeiro, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Gregory A Roth, Ambuj Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, George Mugambage Ruhago, Soheil Saadat, Nafis Sadat, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Ramesh Sahathevan, Joseph Salama, Huda Omer Ba Saleem, Joshua A Salomon, Sundeep Santosh Salvi, Abdallah M Samy, Juan R Sanabria, Damian Santomauro, Itamar S Santos, João Vasco Santos, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Maria Inês Schmidt, Ione J C Schneider, Ben Schöttker, David C Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, Soraya Seedat, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson E Servan-Mori, Tesfaye Setegn, Katya Anne Shackelford, Amira Shaheen, Masoo. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017; 390 (10100):1211-1259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theo Vos; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Abdishakur M Abdulle; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Semaw Ferede Abera; Victor Aboyans; Laith J Abu-Raddad; Ilana N Ackerman; Abdu Abdullahi Adamu; Olatunji Adetokunboh; Mohsen Afarideh; Ashkan Afshin; Sanjay Kumar Agarwal; Rakesh Aggarwal; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Sneha Aiyar; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Nadia Akseer; Faris Hasan Al Lami; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Tahiya Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Raghib Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Fatma Al-Maskari; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Shirina Alsowaidi; Khalid A Altirkawi; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Hjalte H Andersen; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna Kumar Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Solomon W Asgedom; Reza Assadi; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Niguse Tadele Atnafu; Sachin R Atre; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokphako; Ashish Awasthi; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Amitava Banerjee; Marlena S Bannick; Aleksandra Barac; Ryan M Barber; Suzanne L Barker-Collo; Till Bärnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lars Barregard; Lope H Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Bob Battista; Katherine E Battle; Bernhard T Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Justin Beardsley; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Michelle L Bell; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Jennifer Benson; Adugnaw Berhane; Derbew Fikadu Berhe; Eduardo Bernabé; Balem Demtsu Betsu; Mircea Beuran; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Neeraj Bhala; Anil Bhansali; Samir Bhatt; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Kelly Bienhoff; Boris Bikbov; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Donal Bisanzio; Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu; Dube Jara Boneya; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert R A Bourne; Alexandra Brazinova; Traolach S Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto; Blair R Bumgarner; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ewan Cameron; Mate Car; Hélène Carabin; Jonathan R Carapetis; Rosario Cárdenas; David O Carpenter; Juan Jesus Carrero; Austin Carter; Felix Carvalho; Daniel C Casey; Valeria Caso; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Chris D Castle; Ferrán Catalá-López; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Honglei Chen; Mirriam Chibalabala; Chioma Ezinne Chibueze; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Danny Colombara; Cyrus Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Michael H Criqui; John A Crump; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Koustuv Dalal; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; José das Neves; Dragos V Davitoiu; Barbora de Courten; Diego De De Leo; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Don C Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Preet Kaur Dhillon; Daniel Dicker; Eric L Ding; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; E Ray Dorsey; Kadine Priscila Bender dos Santos; Dirk Douwes-Schultz; Kerrie E Doyle; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Bruce Bartholow Duncan; Ziad Ziad El-Khatib; Jerisha Ellerstrand; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel; Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha; André Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L Feigin; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; João C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Abraham D Flaxman; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Richard C Franklin; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; Joao M Furtado; Neal D Futran; Emmanuela Gakidou; Morsaleh Ganji; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Teshome Gebre; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Ayele Geleto; Bikila Lencha Gemechu; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Peter W Gething; Alireza Ghajar; Katherine B Gibney; Paramjit Singh Gill; Richard F Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi; Ababi Zergaw Giref; Melkamu Dedefo Gishu; Giorgia Giussani; William W Godwin; Audra L Gold; Ellen M Goldberg; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra Carvalho Goulart; Max Griswold; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Sarah Wulf Hanson; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Josep Maria Haro; James Harvey; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin Hawley; Simon I Hay; Roderick J Hay; Nathaniel J Henry; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Julio Montañez Hernandez; Pouria Heydarpour; Hans W Hoek; Howard J Hoffman; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; Hsiang Huang; Chantal Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Ehimario Uche Igumbor; Chad Ikeda; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B Jakovljevic; Simerjot K Jassal; Mehdi Javanbakht; Sudha P Jayaraman; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Paul N Jensen; Vivekanand Jha; Guohong Jiang; Denny John; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Catherine O Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Ritul Kamal; Haidong Kan; Nadim E Karam; André Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Amir Kasaeian; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Nigussie Assefa Kassaw; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Ardeshir Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Christian Kieling; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Pauline Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimaki; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Dhaval Kolte; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael Kravchenko; Sanjay Krishnaswami; Kristopher J Krohn; G Anil Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Sanjiv Kumar; Hmwe H Kyu; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Nkurunziza Lambert; Qing Lan; Anders Larsson; Pablo M Lavados; Janet L Leasher; Paul H Lee; Jong-Tae Lee; James Leigh; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Ricky Leung; Miriam Levi; Yichong Li; YongMei Li; Darya Li Kappe; Xiaofeng Liang; Misgan Legesse Liben; Stephen S Lim; Shai Linn; Patrick Y Liu; Angela Liu; Shiwei Liu; Yang Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Stephanie J London; Katharine J Looker; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Nicola Low; Rafael Lozano; Timothy C D Lucas; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Mahdi Mahdavi; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Rajesh Malhotra; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Helena Manguerra; Treh Manhertz; Ana Mantilla; Lorenzo G Mantovani; Chabila C Mapoma; Laurie B Marczak; Jose Martinez-Raga; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried März; Manu Raj Mathur; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; Madeline McGaughey; John J McGrath; Martin McKee; Claire McNellan; Suresh Mehata; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Tefera Chane Mekonnen; Peter Memiah; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Mubarek Abera Mengistie; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; George A Mensah; Tuomo J Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Renata Micha; Anoushka Millear; Ted R Miller; Edward J Mills; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Shiva Raj Mishra; Philip B Mitchell; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Alireza Mohammadi; Kedir Endris Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Sanjay K Mohanty; Ali H Mokdad; Sarah K Mollenkopf; Lorenzo Monasta; Marcella Montico; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Rintaro Mori; Chloe Morozoff; Shane D Morrison; Mark Moses; Cliff Mountjoy-Venning; Kalayu Birhane Mruts; Ulrich O Mueller; Kate Muller; Michele E Murdoch; Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Jean B Nachega; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S Naidoo; Luigi Naldi; Vinay Nangia; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Dumessa Edessa Negasa; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Ionut Negoi; Charles R Newton; Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Sandra Nolte; Vuong Minh Nong; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques N Noubiap; Martin J O'Donnell; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Anselm Okoro; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Helen E Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Kanyin Ong; John Nelson Opio; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman; Majdi Osman; Mayowa O Owolabi; Mahesh Pa; Rosana E Pacella; Adrian Pana; Basant Kumar Panda; Christina Papachristou; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D Parry; Mahboubeh Parsaeian; Scott B Patten; George C Patton; Katherine Paulson; Neil Pearce; David M Pereira; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Carrie Beth Peterson; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; David M Pigott; Julian David Pillay; Christine Pinho; Dietrich Plass; Martin A Pletcher; Svetlana Popova; Richie G Poulton; Farshad Pourmalek; Dorairaj Prabhakaran; Noela M Prasad; Narayan Prasad; Carrie Purcell; Mostafa Qorbani; Reginald Quansah; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rynaz H S Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Kazem Rahimi; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Mahfuzar Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sasa Rajsic; Usha Ram; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Zane Rankin; Puja C Rao; Paturi Vishnupriya Rao; Salman Rawaf; Sarah E Ray; Robert C Reiner; Nikolas Reinig; Marissa B Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M N Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Satar Rezaei; Antonio L Ribeiro; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A Roth; Ambuj Roy; Enrico Rubagotti; George Mugambage Ruhago; Soheil Saadat; Nafis Sadat; Mahdi Safdarian; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Ramesh Sahathevan; Joseph Salama; Huda Omer Ba Saleem; Joshua A Salomon; Sundeep Santosh Salvi; Abdallah M Samy; Juan R Sanabria; Damian Santomauro; Itamar S Santos; João Vasco Santos; Milena M Santric Milicevic; Benn Sartorius; Maheswar Satpathy; Monika Sawhney; Sonia Saxena; Maria Inês Schmidt; Ione J C Schneider; Ben Schöttker; David C Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Edson E Servan-Mori; Tesfaye Setegn; Katya Anne Shackelford; Amira Shaheen; Masoo. 2017. "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016." The Lancet 390, no. 10100: 1211-1259.

Global health metrics
Published: 01 September 2017 in The Lancet
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Summary Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined. Findings Since 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124·1 million DALYs [95% UI 111·2 million to 137·0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122·2 million DALYs [110·3 million to 133·3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83·0 million DALYs [78·3 million to 87·7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89·9 million DALYs [80·9 million to 98·2 million]), high body-mass index (64·8 million DALYs [44·4 million to 87·6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63·8 million DALYs [53·2 million to 76·3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9·3% (6·9–11·6) decline in deaths and a 10·8% (8·3–13·1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14·9% (12·7–17·5) of deaths and 6·2% (3·9–8·7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12·4% (10·1–14·9) of deaths and 12·4% (10·1–14·9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27·3% (24·9–29·7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks. Interpretation Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade. Funding The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bloomberg Philanthropies.

ACS Style

Emmanuela Gakidou; Ashkan Afshin; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Abdishakur M Abdulle; Semaw Ferede Abera; Victor Aboyans; Laith J Abu-Raddad; Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh; Gebre Yitayih Abyu; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Olatunji Adetokunboh; Mohsen Afarideh; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Nadia Akseer; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Tahiya Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Komal Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Hossein Ansari; Josep M Antó; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Nicholas Arian; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna Kumar Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Peter Azzopardi; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Shoshana H Ballew; Aleksandra Barac; Ryan M Barber; Suzanne L Barker-Collo; Till Bärnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lars Barregard; Lope H Barrero; Carolina Batis; Katherine E Battle; Blair R Baumgarner; Bernhard T Baune; Justin Beardsley; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Michelle L Bell; Derrick A Bennett; James R Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Derbew Fikadu Berhe; Eduardo Bernabé; Balem Demtsu Betsu; Mircea Beuran; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Anil Bhansali; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Boris Bikbov; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Christopher D Blosser; Dube Jara Boneya; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Michael Brauer; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Traolach S Brugha; Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan Jesus Carrero; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kelly Cercy; Hsing-Yi Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Massimo Cirillo; Aaron J Cohen; Haley Comfort; Cyrus Cooper; Josef Coresh; Leslie Cornaby; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Michael H Criqui; John A Crump; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; José das Neves; Gail Davey; Dragos V Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Barbora de Courten; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Aniruddha Deshpande; Samath D Dharmaratne; Eric L Ding; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Aaron van Donkelaar; E Ray Dorsey; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Bruce Bartholow Duncan; Sarah Duncan; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Ziad Ziad El-Khatib; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon; Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha; André Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Kairsten Fay; Valery L Feigin; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; João C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Abraham D Flaxman; Nataliya Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Joseph J Frostad; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; Joao M Furtado; Morsaleh Ganji; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ayele Geleto; Bikila Lencha Gemechu; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Peter W Gething; Alireza Ghajar; Katherine B Gibney; Paramjit Singh Gill; Richard F Gillum; Ababi Zergaw Giref; Melkamu Dedefo Gishu; Giorgia Giussani; William W Godwin; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Yevgeniy Goryakin; Alessandra Carvalho Goulart; Nicholas Graetz; Harish Chander Gugnani; Jingwen Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Reyna A Gutiérrez; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Mouhanad Hammami; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Sarah Wulf Hanson; Hilda L Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin Hawley; Simon I Hay; Mohammad T Hedayati; Delia Hendrie; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez; Hans W Hoek; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Sorin Hostiuc; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Hsiang Huang; Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Chad Ikeda; Manami Inoue; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Maria Delores Jackson; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B Jakovljevic; Alejandra Jauregui; Mehdi Javanbakht; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Lars R K Johansson; Catherine O Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Ritul Kamal; André Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Amir Kasaeian; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Sefonias Getachew Kelbore; Laura Kemmer; Andre Pascal Kengne; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Ardeshir Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Christian Kieling; Jun Y Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimaki; Luke D Knibbs; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael Kravchenko; Kristopher J Krohn; Hans Kromhout; G Anil Kumar; Michael Kutz; Hmwe H Kyu; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Qing Lan; Van C Lansingh; Anders Larsson; Paul H Lee; Alexander Lee; James Leigh; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Teresa Shamah Levy; Yichong Li; YongMei Li; Xiaofeng Liang; Misgan Legesse Liben; Shai Linn; Patrick Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Katherine J Looker; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Raimundas Lunevicius; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Rajesh Malhotra; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Helena Manguerra; Lorenzo G Mantovani; Chabila C Mapoma; Randall V Martin; Jose Martinez-Raga; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Manu Raj Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Richard Matzopoulos; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J McGrath; Suresh Mehata; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Toni Meier; Yohannes Adama Melaku; Peter Memiah; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; George A Mensah; Gert B M Mensink; Seid Tiku Mereta; Tuomo J Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Renata Micha; Anoushka Millear; Ted R Miller; Shawn Minnig; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Shiva Raj Mishra; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Kedir Endris Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Murali B V Mohan; Ali H Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Marcella Montico; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Shane D Morrison; Cliff Mountjoy-Venning; Ulrich O Mueller; Erin C Mullany; Kate Muller; Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Vinay Nangia; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Ionut Negoi; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Marika Nomura; Vuong Minh Nong; Ole F Norheim; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques N Noubiap; Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju; Pedro R Olivares; Helen E Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; John Nelson Opio; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Erika Ota; Mayowa O Owolabi; Mahesh Pa; Rosana E Pacella; Adrian Pana; Basant Kumar Panda; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Jeyaraj D Pandian; Christina Papachristou; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D Parry; Scott B Patten; George C Patton; David M Pereira; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; Julian David Pillay; Michael A Piradov; Farhad Pishgar; Dietrich Plass; Martin A Pletcher; Suzanne Polinder; Svetlana Popova; Richie G Poulton; Farshad Pourmalek; Narayan Prasad; Carrie Purcell; Mostafa Qorbani; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Mahfuzar Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sasa Rajsic; Usha Ram; Salman Rawaf; Colin D Rehm; Jürgen Rehm; Robert C Reiner; Marissa B Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M N Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu; Satar Rezaei; Antonio L Ribeiro; Juan A Rivera; Kedir Teji Roba; David Rojas-Rueda; Yesenia Roman; Robin Room; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A Roth; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Enrico Rubagotti; Lesley Rushton; Nafis Sadat; Mahdi Safdarian; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Ramesh Sahathevan; Joseph Salama; Joshua A Salomon; Abdallah M Samy; Juan Ramon Sanabria; Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño; Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta; Damian Santomauro; Itamar S Santos; Milena M Santric Milicevic; Benn Sartorius; Maheswar Satpathy; Monika Sawhney; Sonia Saxena; Maria Inês Schmidt; Ione J C Schneider; Aletta E Schutte; David C Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Berrin Serdar; Edson E Servan-Mori; Gavin Shaddick; Amira Shaheen; Saeid Shahraz; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mansour Shamsipour; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Jayendra Sharma; Rajesh Sharma; Jun She; Jiabin Shen; Peilin Shi; Kenji Shibuya; Chloe Shields; Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Min-Jeong Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Kawkab Shishani; Haitham Shoman; Mark G Shrime; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; João Pedro Silva; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Jasvinder A Singh; Virendra Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Eirini Skiadaresi; Erica Leigh Slepak; David L Smith; Mari Smith; Badr H A Sobaih; Eugene Sobngwi; Samir Soneji; Reed J D Sorensen; Luciano A Sposato; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Vinay Srinivasan; Nicholas Steel; Dan J Stein; Caitlyn Steiner; Sabine Steinke; Mark Andrew Stokes; Bryan Strub; Michelle Subart; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Rizwan Abdulkader Suliankatchi; Patrick J Sur; Soumya Swaminathan; Bryan L Sykes; Cassandra E I Szoeke; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Ken Takahashi; Jukka S Takala; Nikhil Tandon; Marcel Tanner; Yihunie L Tarekegn; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Teketo Kassaw Tegegne; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Belay Tesssema; Js Thakur; Ornwipa Thamsuwan; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Andrew M Theis; Matthew Lloyd Thomas; Alan J Thomson; Amanda G Thrift; Taavi Tillmann; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Myriam Tobollik; Mette C. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2017, 390, 1345 -1422.

AMA Style

Emmanuela Gakidou, Ashkan Afshin, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Kaja M Abbas, Foad Abd-Allah, Abdishakur M Abdulle, Semaw Ferede Abera, Victor Aboyans, Laith J Abu-Raddad, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Olatunji Adetokunboh, Mohsen Afarideh, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Agrawal, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Nadia Akseer, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alam, Tahiya Alam, Deena Alasfoor, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Komal Ali, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Hossein Ansari, Josep M Antó, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Nicholas Arian, Johan Ärnlöv, Al Artaman, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Peter Azzopardi, Umar Bacha, Alaa Badawi, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Shoshana H Ballew, Aleksandra Barac, Ryan M Barber, Suzanne L Barker-Collo, Till Bärnighausen, Simon Barquera, Lars Barregard, Lope H Barrero, Carolina Batis, Katherine E Battle, Blair R Baumgarner, Bernhard T Baune, Justin Beardsley, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, James R Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Derbew Fikadu Berhe, Eduardo Bernabé, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Mircea Beuran, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Anil Bhansali, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Boris Bikbov, Charles Birungi, Stan Biryukov, Christopher D Blosser, Dube Jara Boneya, Ibrahim R Bou-Orm, Michael Brauer, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Traolach S Brugha, Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto, Zahid A Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan Jesus Carrero, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Kelly Cercy, Hsing-Yi Chang, Fiona J Charlson, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal A Chitheer, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Massimo Cirillo, Aaron J Cohen, Haley Comfort, Cyrus Cooper, Josef Coresh, Leslie Cornaby, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Michael H Criqui, John A Crump, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, José das Neves, Gail Davey, Dragos V Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Barbora de Courten, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Louisa Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Robert P Dellavalle, Kebede Deribe, Aniruddha Deshpande, Samath D Dharmaratne, Eric L Ding, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, Aaron van Donkelaar, E Ray Dorsey, Tim R Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Sarah Duncan, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Ziad Ziad El-Khatib, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Holly E Erskine, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon, Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha, André Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Kairsten Fay, Valery L Feigin, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, João C Fernandes, Alize J Ferrari, Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Abraham D Flaxman, Nataliya Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Joseph J Frostad, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, Joao M Furtado, Morsaleh Ganji, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ayele Geleto, Bikila Lencha Gemechu, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Peter W Gething, Alireza Ghajar, Katherine B Gibney, Paramjit Singh Gill, Richard F Gillum, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, Giorgia Giussani, William W Godwin, Philimon N Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Yevgeniy Goryakin, Alessandra Carvalho Goulart, Nicholas Graetz, Harish Chander Gugnani, Jingwen Guo, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Vipin Gupta, Reyna A Gutiérrez, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Mouhanad Hammami, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Hilda L Harb, Habtamu Abera Hareri, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Rasmus Havmoeller, Caitlin Hawley, Simon I Hay, Mohammad T Hedayati, Delia Hendrie, Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Hans W Hoek, Nobuyuki Horita, H Dean Hosgood, Sorin Hostiuc, Damian G Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Guoqing Hu, John J Huang, Hsiang Huang, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Chad Ikeda, Manami Inoue, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Maria Delores Jackson, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B Jakovljevic, Alejandra Jauregui, Mehdi Javanbakht, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Lars R K Johansson, Catherine O Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Ritul Kamal, André Karch, Corine Kakizi Karema, Amir Kasaeian, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Anshul Kastor, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Norito Kawakami, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Sefonias Getachew Kelbore, Laura Kemmer, Andre Pascal Kengne, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Ardeshir Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Christian Kieling, Jun Y Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Daniel Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimaki, Luke D Knibbs, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Jacek A Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael Kravchenko, Kristopher J Krohn, Hans Kromhout, G Anil Kumar, Michael Kutz, Hmwe H Kyu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Qing Lan, Van C Lansingh, Anders Larsson, Paul H Lee, Alexander Lee, James Leigh, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, Teresa Shamah Levy, Yichong Li, YongMei Li, Xiaofeng Liang, Misgan Legesse Liben, Shai Linn, Patrick Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Giancarlo Logroscino, Katherine J Looker, Alan D Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Raimundas Lunevicius, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Rajesh Malhotra, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Helena Manguerra, Lorenzo G Mantovani, Chabila C Mapoma, Randall V Martin, Jose Martinez-Raga, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Manu Raj Mathur, Kunihiro Matsushita, Richard Matzopoulos, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J McGrath, Suresh Mehata, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Toni Meier, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Peter Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, George A Mensah, Gert B M Mensink, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tuomo J Meretoja, Atte Meretoja, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Renata Micha, Anoushka Millear, Ted R Miller, Shawn Minnig, Mojde Mirarefin, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Awoke Misganaw, Shiva Raj Mishra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Kedir Endris Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Murali B V Mohan, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Marcella Montico, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Shane D Morrison, Cliff Mountjoy-Venning, Ulrich O Mueller, Erin C Mullany, Kate Muller, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Mohsen Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Vinay Nangia, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Marika Nomura, Vuong Minh Nong, Ole F Norheim, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew Toyin Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju, Pedro R Olivares, Helen E Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, John Nelson Opio, Eyal Oren, Alberto Ortiz, Erika Ota, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh Pa, Rosana E Pacella, Adrian Pana, Basant Kumar Panda, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Jeyaraj D Pandian, Christina Papachristou, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D Parry, Scott B Patten, George C Patton, David M Pereira, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Max Petzold, Michael Robert Phillips, Julian David Pillay, Michael A Piradov, Farhad Pishgar, Dietrich Plass, Martin A Pletcher, Suzanne Polinder, Svetlana Popova, Richie G Poulton, Farshad Pourmalek, Narayan Prasad, Carrie Purcell, Mostafa Qorbani, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mahfuzar Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Sasa Rajsic, Usha Ram, Salman Rawaf, Colin D Rehm, Jürgen Rehm, Robert C Reiner, Marissa B Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M N Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu, Satar Rezaei, Antonio L Ribeiro, Juan A Rivera, Kedir Teji Roba, David Rojas-Rueda, Yesenia Roman, Robin Room, Gholamreza Roshandel, Gregory A Roth, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Enrico Rubagotti, Lesley Rushton, Nafis Sadat, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Ramesh Sahathevan, Joseph Salama, Joshua A Salomon, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Ramon Sanabria, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta, Damian Santomauro, Itamar S Santos, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Maria Inês Schmidt, Ione J C Schneider, Aletta E Schutte, David C Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, Soraya Seedat, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Berrin Serdar, Edson E Servan-Mori, Gavin Shaddick, Amira Shaheen, Saeid Shahraz, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mansour Shamsipour, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Jayendra Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Jiabin Shen, Peilin Shi, Kenji Shibuya, Chloe Shields, Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Min-Jeong Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Kawkab Shishani, Haitham Shoman, Mark G Shrime, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, João Pedro Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Jasvinder A Singh, Virendra Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Eirini Skiadaresi, Erica Leigh Slepak, David L Smith, Mari Smith, Badr H A Sobaih, Eugene Sobngwi, Samir Soneji, Reed J D Sorensen, Luciano A Sposato, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Vinay Srinivasan, Nicholas Steel, Dan J Stein, Caitlyn Steiner, Sabine Steinke, Mark Andrew Stokes, Bryan Strub, Michelle Subart, Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rizwan Abdulkader Suliankatchi, Patrick J Sur, Soumya Swaminathan, Bryan L Sykes, Cassandra E I Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Ken Takahashi, Jukka S Takala, Nikhil Tandon, Marcel Tanner, Yihunie L Tarekegn, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Teketo Kassaw Tegegne, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Belay Tesssema, Js Thakur, Ornwipa Thamsuwan, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Andrew M Theis, Matthew Lloyd Thomas, Alan J Thomson, Amanda G Thrift, Taavi Tillmann, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Myriam Tobollik, Mette C. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017; 390 (10100):1345-1422.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emmanuela Gakidou; Ashkan Afshin; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Abdishakur M Abdulle; Semaw Ferede Abera; Victor Aboyans; Laith J Abu-Raddad; Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh; Gebre Yitayih Abyu; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Olatunji Adetokunboh; Mohsen Afarideh; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Nadia Akseer; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Tahiya Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Komal Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Hossein Ansari; Josep M Antó; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Nicholas Arian; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna Kumar Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Peter Azzopardi; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Shoshana H Ballew; Aleksandra Barac; Ryan M Barber; Suzanne L Barker-Collo; Till Bärnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lars Barregard; Lope H Barrero; Carolina Batis; Katherine E Battle; Blair R Baumgarner; Bernhard T Baune; Justin Beardsley; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Michelle L Bell; Derrick A Bennett; James R Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Derbew Fikadu Berhe; Eduardo Bernabé; Balem Demtsu Betsu; Mircea Beuran; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Anil Bhansali; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Boris Bikbov; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Christopher D Blosser; Dube Jara Boneya; Ibrahim R Bou-Orm; Michael Brauer; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Traolach S Brugha; Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan Jesus Carrero; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kelly Cercy; Hsing-Yi Chang; Fiona J Charlson; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Massimo Cirillo; Aaron J Cohen; Haley Comfort; Cyrus Cooper; Josef Coresh; Leslie Cornaby; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Michael H Criqui; John A Crump; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; José das Neves; Gail Davey; Dragos V Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Barbora de Courten; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Aniruddha Deshpande; Samath D Dharmaratne; Eric L Ding; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Aaron van Donkelaar; E Ray Dorsey; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Bruce Bartholow Duncan; Sarah Duncan; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Ziad Ziad El-Khatib; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon; Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha; André Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Kairsten Fay; Valery L Feigin; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; João C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Abraham D Flaxman; Nataliya Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Joseph J Frostad; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; Joao M Furtado; Morsaleh Ganji; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ayele Geleto; Bikila Lencha Gemechu; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Peter W Gething; Alireza Ghajar; Katherine B Gibney; Paramjit Singh Gill; Richard F Gillum; Ababi Zergaw Giref; Melkamu Dedefo Gishu; Giorgia Giussani; William W Godwin; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Yevgeniy Goryakin; Alessandra Carvalho Goulart; Nicholas Graetz; Harish Chander Gugnani; Jingwen Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Reyna A Gutiérrez; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Mouhanad Hammami; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Sarah Wulf Hanson; Hilda L Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin Hawley; Simon I Hay; Mohammad T Hedayati; Delia Hendrie; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez; Hans W Hoek; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Sorin Hostiuc; Damian G Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Guoqing Hu; John J Huang; Hsiang Huang; Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Chad Ikeda; Manami Inoue; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Maria Delores Jackson; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B Jakovljevic; Alejandra Jauregui; Mehdi Javanbakht; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Lars R K Johansson; Catherine O Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Ritul Kamal; André Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Amir Kasaeian; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Sefonias Getachew Kelbore; Laura Kemmer; Andre Pascal Kengne; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Ardeshir Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Christian Kieling; Jun Y Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimaki; Luke D Knibbs; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael Kravchenko; Kristopher J Krohn; Hans Kromhout; G Anil Kumar; Michael Kutz; Hmwe H Kyu; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Qing Lan; Van C Lansingh; Anders Larsson; Paul H Lee; Alexander Lee; James Leigh; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Teresa Shamah Levy; Yichong Li; YongMei Li; Xiaofeng Liang; Misgan Legesse Liben; Shai Linn; Patrick Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Katherine J Looker; Alan D Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Raimundas Lunevicius; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Rajesh Malhotra; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Helena Manguerra; Lorenzo G Mantovani; Chabila C Mapoma; Randall V Martin; Jose Martinez-Raga; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Manu Raj Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Richard Matzopoulos; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J McGrath; Suresh Mehata; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Toni Meier; Yohannes Adama Melaku; Peter Memiah; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; George A Mensah; Gert B M Mensink; Seid Tiku Mereta; Tuomo J Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Renata Micha; Anoushka Millear; Ted R Miller; Shawn Minnig; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Shiva Raj Mishra; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Kedir Endris Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Murali B V Mohan; Ali H Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Marcella Montico; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Shane D Morrison; Cliff Mountjoy-Venning; Ulrich O Mueller; Erin C Mullany; Kate Muller; Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Vinay Nangia; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Ionut Negoi; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Marika Nomura; Vuong Minh Nong; Ole F Norheim; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques N Noubiap; Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju; Pedro R Olivares; Helen E Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; John Nelson Opio; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Erika Ota; Mayowa O Owolabi; Mahesh Pa; Rosana E Pacella; Adrian Pana; Basant Kumar Panda; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Jeyaraj D Pandian; Christina Papachristou; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D Parry; Scott B Patten; George C Patton; David M Pereira; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; Julian David Pillay; Michael A Piradov; Farhad Pishgar; Dietrich Plass; Martin A Pletcher; Suzanne Polinder; Svetlana Popova; Richie G Poulton; Farshad Pourmalek; Narayan Prasad; Carrie Purcell; Mostafa Qorbani; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Mahfuzar Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sasa Rajsic; Usha Ram; Salman Rawaf; Colin D Rehm; Jürgen Rehm; Robert C Reiner; Marissa B Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M N Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu; Satar Rezaei; Antonio L Ribeiro; Juan A Rivera; Kedir Teji Roba; David Rojas-Rueda; Yesenia Roman; Robin Room; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A Roth; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Enrico Rubagotti; Lesley Rushton; Nafis Sadat; Mahdi Safdarian; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Ramesh Sahathevan; Joseph Salama; Joshua A Salomon; Abdallah M Samy; Juan Ramon Sanabria; Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño; Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta; Damian Santomauro; Itamar S Santos; Milena M Santric Milicevic; Benn Sartorius; Maheswar Satpathy; Monika Sawhney; Sonia Saxena; Maria Inês Schmidt; Ione J C Schneider; Aletta E Schutte; David C Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Berrin Serdar; Edson E Servan-Mori; Gavin Shaddick; Amira Shaheen; Saeid Shahraz; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mansour Shamsipour; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Jayendra Sharma; Rajesh Sharma; Jun She; Jiabin Shen; Peilin Shi; Kenji Shibuya; Chloe Shields; Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Min-Jeong Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Kawkab Shishani; Haitham Shoman; Mark G Shrime; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; João Pedro Silva; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Jasvinder A Singh; Virendra Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Eirini Skiadaresi; Erica Leigh Slepak; David L Smith; Mari Smith; Badr H A Sobaih; Eugene Sobngwi; Samir Soneji; Reed J D Sorensen; Luciano A Sposato; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Vinay Srinivasan; Nicholas Steel; Dan J Stein; Caitlyn Steiner; Sabine Steinke; Mark Andrew Stokes; Bryan Strub; Michelle Subart; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Rizwan Abdulkader Suliankatchi; Patrick J Sur; Soumya Swaminathan; Bryan L Sykes; Cassandra E I Szoeke; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Ken Takahashi; Jukka S Takala; Nikhil Tandon; Marcel Tanner; Yihunie L Tarekegn; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Teketo Kassaw Tegegne; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Belay Tesssema; Js Thakur; Ornwipa Thamsuwan; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Andrew M Theis; Matthew Lloyd Thomas; Alan J Thomson; Amanda G Thrift; Taavi Tillmann; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Myriam Tobollik; Mette C. 2017. "Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016." The Lancet 390, no. 10100: 1345-1422.

Global health metrics
Published: 01 September 2017 in The Lancet
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Summary Background Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. Methods We estimated cause-specific deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specific causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. Findings The quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71·2–73·2) of deaths in 2016 with 19·3% (18·5–20·4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8·43% (8·00–8·67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006–16—age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1·80 million deaths (95% UI 1·59 million to 1·89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176–181) increase in deaths in ages 90–94 years and a 210% (208–212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL significantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2·89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1·59%) during the same interval. Globally, the five leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a finer level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations. Other leading causes of YLLs for which YLLs were notably lower than expected included neonatal preterm birth complications in many locations in both south Asia and southeast Asia, and cerebrovascular disease in western Europe. Interpretation The past 37 years have featured declining rates of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases across all quintiles of SDI, with faster than expected gains for many locations relative to their SDI. A global shift towards deaths at older ages suggests success in reducing many causes of early death. YLLs have increased globally for causes such as diabetes mellitus or some neoplasms, and in some locations for causes such as drug use disorders, and conflict and terrorism. Increasing levels of YLLs might reflect outcomes from conditions that required high levels of care but for which effective...

ACS Style

Mohsen Naghavi; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Semaw Ferede Abera; Victor Aboyans; Olatunji Adetokunboh; Ashkan Afshin; Anurag Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Sneha Aiyar; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Tahiya Alam; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Syed Danish Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Juma M Alkaabi; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Nahla Anber; Hjalte H Andersen; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Hossein Ansari; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Johan Ärnlöv; Megha Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna Kumar Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Solomon W Asgedom; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Umar Bacha; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Aleksandra Barac; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne L Barker-Collo; Simon Barquera; Lars Barregard; Lope H Barrero; Bernhard T Baune; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Michelle L Bell; James R Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Eduardo Bernabé; Balem Demtsu Betsu; Mircea Beuran; Samir Bhatt; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Kelly Bienhoff; Boris Bikbov; Donal Bisanzio; Rupert R A Bourne; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto; Blair R Bumgarner; Zahid A Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ewan Cameron; Julio Cesar Campuzano; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan Jesus Carrero; Austin Carter; Daniel C Casey; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Ferrán Catalá-López; Fiona J Charlson; Chioma Ezinne Chibueze; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Aaron J Cohen; Danny Colombara; Cyrus Cooper; Benjamin C Cowie; Michael H Criqui; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I Dargan; José das Neves; Dragos V Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Barbora de Courten; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Kebede Deribe; Amare Deribew; Subhojit Dey; Daniel Dicker; Eric L Ding; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; David Teye Doku; Dirk Douwes-Schultz; Tim R Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Bruce Bartholow Duncan; Michelle Echko; Ziad Ziad El-Khatib; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Ahmadali Enayati; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E Erskine; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha; André Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Valery L Feigin; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; João C Fernandes; Alize J Ferrari; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Irina Filip; Samuel Finegold; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Abraham D Flaxman; Nataliya Foigt; Tahvi Frank; Maya Fraser; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; Joao M Furtado; Emmanuela Gakidou; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Teshome Gebre; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Delelegn Yilma Gebremichael; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Peter W Gething; Richard F Gillum; Ababi Zergaw Giref; Maurice Giroud; Giorgia Giussani; William W Godwin; Audra L Gold; Ellen M Goldberg; Philimon N Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Hebe N Gouda; Alessandra Carvalho Goulart; Max Griswold; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Parkash C Gupta; Juanita A Haagsma; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Mitiku Teshome Hambisa; Samer Hamidi; Mouhanad Hammami; Jamie Hancock; Alexis J Handal; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Simon I Hay; Fei He; Mohammad T Hedayati; Nathaniel J Henry; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Claudiu Herteliu; Hans W Hoek; Masako Horino; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; Chantal Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Chad Ikeda; Bogdan Vasile Ileanu; Asnake Ararsa Irenso; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B Jakovljevic; Mehdi Javanbakht; Sudha P Jayaraman; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Vivekanand Jha; Denny John; Catherine O Johnson; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Ritul Kamal; André Karch; Seyed M Karimi; Chante Karimkhani; Amir Kasaeian; Nigussie Assefa Kassaw; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah Khoja; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Ardeshir Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Christian Kieling; Daniel Kievlan; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimaki; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Xie Rachel Kulikoff; G Anil Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Michael Kutz; Hmwe H Kyu; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka Nkurunziza Lambert; Qing Lan; Van C Lansingh; Anders Larsson; Paul H Lee; James Leigh; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; YongMei Li; Darya Li Kappe; Xiaofeng Liang; Misgan Legesse Liben; Stephen S Lim; Patrick Y Liu; Angela Liu; Yang Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Timothy C D Lucas; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Emilie R Maddison; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Rajesh Malhotra; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Helena Manguerra; Tsegahun Manyazewal; Chabila C Mapoma; Laurie B Marczak; Desalegn Markos; Jose Martinez-Raga; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Colm McAlinden; Madeline McGaughey; John J McGrath; Suresh Mehata; Toni Meier; Kidanu Gebremariam Meles; Peter Memiah; Ziad A Memish; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; Bereket Gebremichael Menota; George A Mensah; Tuomo J Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Anoushka Millear; Ted R Miller; Shawn Minnig; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Shiva Raj Mishra; Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Alireza Mohammadi; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H Mokdad; Glen Liddell D Mola; Sarah K Mollenkopf; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Julio C Montañez; Marcella Montico; Meghan D Mooney; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Chloe Morozoff; Shane D Morrison; Cliff Mountjoy-Venning; Kalayu Birhane Mruts; Kate Muller; Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Jean B Nachega; Aliya Naheed; Luigi Naldi; Vinay Nangia; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Jamal T Nasher; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Ionut Negoi; Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Vuong Minh Nong; Jean Jacques N Noubiap; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Anselm Okoro; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Helen E Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Kanyin Ong; John Nelson Opio; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Majdi Osman; Erika Ota; Mahesh Pa; Rosana E Pacella; Smita Pakhale; Adrian Pana; Basant Kumar Panda; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Christina Papachristou; Eun-Kee Park; Scott B Patten; George C Patton; Deepak Paudel; Katherine Paulson; David M Pereira; Fernando Perez-Ruiz; Norberto Perico; Aslam Pervaiz; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; David M Pigott; Christine Pinho; Dietrich Plass; Martin A Pletcher; Suzanne Polinder; Maarten J Postma; Farshad Pourmalek; Caroline Purcell; Mostafa Qorbani; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Mahfuzar Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Zane Rankin; Puja C Rao; Goura Kishor Rath; Salman Rawaf; Sarah E Ray; Jürgen Rehm; Robert C Reiner; Marissa B Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Satar Rezaei; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Mohammad Bagher Rokni; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A Roth; Dietrich Rothenbacher; George Mugambage Ruhago; Rizwan Sa; Soheil Saadat; Perminder S Sachdev; Nafis Sadat; Mahdi Safdarian; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Ramesh Sahathevan; Joseph Salama; Payman Salamati; Joshua A Salomon; Abdallah M Samy; Juan Ramon Sanabria; Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño; Damian Santomauro; Itamar S Santos; Milena M Santric Milicevic; Benn Sartorius; Maheswar Satpathy; Maria Inês Schmidt; Ione J C Schneider; Sam Schulhofer-Wohl; Aletta E Schutte; David C Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Edson E Servan-Mori; Katya Anne Shackelford; Saeid Shahraz; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mansour Shamsipour; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Jayendra Sharma; Rajesh Sharma; Jun She; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Muki Shey; Peilin Shi; Chloe Shields; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; Shreya Shirude; Ivy Shiue; Haitham Shoman; Mark G Shrime; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Naris Silpakit; João Pedro Silva; Jasvinder A Singh; Abhishek Singh; Eirini Skiadaresi; Amber Sligar; David L Smith; Alison Smith; Mari Smith; Badr H A Sobaih; Samir Soneji; Reed J D Sorensen; Joan B Soriano; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Vinay Srinivasan; Jeffrey D Stanaway; Vasiliki Stathopoulou; Nicholas Steel; Dan J Stein; Caitlyn Steiner; Sabine Steinke; Mark Andrew Stokes; Mark Strong; Bryan Strub; Michelle Subart; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Bruno F Sunguya; Patrick J Sur; Soumya Swaminathan; Bryan L Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Ken Takahashi; Jukka S Takala; Roberto Tchio Talongwa; Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Nuno Taveira; Teketo Kassaw Tegegne; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; J S Thakur; Ornwipa Thamsuwan; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Katie E Thomas; Alex H Thompson; Alan J Thomson; Amanda G Thrift; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Roman Topor-Madry; Anna Torre; Miguel Tortajada; Jeffrey Allen Towbin; Bach Xuan Tran; Christopher Troeger; Thomas Truelsen; Derrick Tsoi; Emin Murat Tuzcu; Stefanos Tyrovolas; Kingsley N Ukwaja; Eduardo A Undurraga; Rachel Updike; Olalekan A Uthman; Benjamin S Chudi Uzochukwu; Job F M van Boven; Tommi Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Francesco S Violante; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Theo Vos; Tolassa Wakayo; Mitchell T Wallin; Yuan-Pang Wang; Elisabete Weiderpass; Robert G Weintraub; Daniel J Weiss; Andrea Werdecker; Ronny Westerman; Brian Whetter; Harvey A Whiteford; Tissa Wijeratne; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Belete Getahun Woldeyes; Charles D A Wolfe; Rachel Woodbrook; Abdulhalik Work. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2017, 390, 1151 -1210.

AMA Style

Mohsen Naghavi, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Cristiana Abbafati, Kaja M Abbas, Foad Abd-Allah, Semaw Ferede Abera, Victor Aboyans, Olatunji Adetokunboh, Ashkan Afshin, Anurag Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Sneha Aiyar, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alam, Tahiya Alam, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Syed Danish Ali, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Juma M Alkaabi, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Christine Allen, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Nahla Anber, Hjalte H Andersen, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Hossein Ansari, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Johan Ärnlöv, Megha Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Solomon W Asgedom, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide Frinel G Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Umar Bacha, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A Barboza, Suzanne L Barker-Collo, Simon Barquera, Lars Barregard, Lope H Barrero, Bernhard T Baune, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Michelle L Bell, James R Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabé, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Mircea Beuran, Samir Bhatt, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Kelly Bienhoff, Boris Bikbov, Donal Bisanzio, Rupert R A Bourne, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto, Blair R Bumgarner, Zahid A Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ewan Cameron, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan Jesus Carrero, Austin Carter, Daniel C Casey, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Fiona J Charlson, Chioma Ezinne Chibueze, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal A Chitheer, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Aaron J Cohen, Danny Colombara, Cyrus Cooper, Benjamin C Cowie, Michael H Criqui, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I Dargan, José das Neves, Dragos V Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Barbora de Courten, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Louisa Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Kebede Deribe, Amare Deribew, Subhojit Dey, Daniel Dicker, Eric L Ding, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, David Teye Doku, Dirk Douwes-Schultz, Tim R Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Michelle Echko, Ziad Ziad El-Khatib, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Ahmadali Enayati, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Holly E Erskine, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha, André Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L Feigin, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, João C Fernandes, Alize J Ferrari, Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa, Irina Filip, Samuel Finegold, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Abraham D Flaxman, Nataliya Foigt, Tahvi Frank, Maya Fraser, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, Joao M Furtado, Emmanuela Gakidou, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Teshome Gebre, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Delelegn Yilma Gebremichael, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Peter W Gething, Richard F Gillum, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Maurice Giroud, Giorgia Giussani, William W Godwin, Audra L Gold, Ellen M Goldberg, Philimon N Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Hebe N Gouda, Alessandra Carvalho Goulart, Max Griswold, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Vipin Gupta, Parkash C Gupta, Juanita A Haagsma, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Mitiku Teshome Hambisa, Samer Hamidi, Mouhanad Hammami, Jamie Hancock, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L Harb, Habtamu Abera Hareri, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Fei He, Mohammad T Hedayati, Nathaniel J Henry, Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Hans W Hoek, Masako Horino, Nobuyuki Horita, H Dean Hosgood, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J Hotez, Damian G Hoy, Chantal Huynh, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Chad Ikeda, Bogdan Vasile Ileanu, Asnake Ararsa Irenso, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B Jakovljevic, Mehdi Javanbakht, Sudha P Jayaraman, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Vivekanand Jha, Denny John, Catherine O Johnson, Sarah Charlotte Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Ritul Kamal, André Karch, Seyed M Karimi, Chante Karimkhani, Amir Kasaeian, Nigussie Assefa Kassaw, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Norito Kawakami, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah Khoja, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Ardeshir Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Christian Kieling, Daniel Kievlan, Yun Jin Kim, Daniel Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Niranjan Kissoon, Mika Kivimaki, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Jacek A Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Xie Rachel Kulikoff, G Anil Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Michael Kutz, Hmwe H Kyu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka Nkurunziza Lambert, Qing Lan, Van C Lansingh, Anders Larsson, Paul H Lee, James Leigh, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, YongMei Li, Darya Li Kappe, Xiaofeng Liang, Misgan Legesse Liben, Stephen S Lim, Patrick Y Liu, Angela Liu, Yang Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Giancarlo Logroscino, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Timothy C D Lucas, Stefan Ma, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Emilie R Maddison, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Rajesh Malhotra, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Helena Manguerra, Tsegahun Manyazewal, Chabila C Mapoma, Laurie B Marczak, Desalegn Markos, Jose Martinez-Raga, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Colm McAlinden, Madeline McGaughey, John J McGrath, Suresh Mehata, Toni Meier, Kidanu Gebremariam Meles, Peter Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Bereket Gebremichael Menota, George A Mensah, Tuomo J Meretoja, Atte Meretoja, Anoushka Millear, Ted R Miller, Shawn Minnig, Mojde Mirarefin, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Awoke Misganaw, Shiva Raj Mishra, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Alireza Mohammadi, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Glen Liddell D Mola, Sarah K Mollenkopf, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Julio C Montañez, Marcella Montico, Meghan D Mooney, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Chloe Morozoff, Shane D Morrison, Cliff Mountjoy-Venning, Kalayu Birhane Mruts, Kate Muller, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Jean B Nachega, Aliya Naheed, Luigi Naldi, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Jamal T Nasher, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Ionut Negoi, Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Vuong Minh Nong, Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Anselm Okoro, Andrew Toyin Olagunju, Helen E Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Kanyin Ong, John Nelson Opio, Eyal Oren, Alberto Ortiz, Majdi Osman, Erika Ota, Mahesh Pa, Rosana E Pacella, Smita Pakhale, Adrian Pana, Basant Kumar Panda, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Christina Papachristou, Eun-Kee Park, Scott B Patten, George C Patton, Deepak Paudel, Katherine Paulson, David M Pereira, Fernando Perez-Ruiz, Norberto Perico, Aslam Pervaiz, Max Petzold, Michael Robert Phillips, David M Pigott, Christine Pinho, Dietrich Plass, Martin A Pletcher, Suzanne Polinder, Maarten J Postma, Farshad Pourmalek, Caroline Purcell, Mostafa Qorbani, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mahfuzar Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Zane Rankin, Puja C Rao, Goura Kishor Rath, Salman Rawaf, Sarah E Ray, Jürgen Rehm, Robert C Reiner, Marissa B Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Satar Rezaei, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Mohammad Bagher Rokni, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Gregory A Roth, Dietrich Rothenbacher, George Mugambage Ruhago, Rizwan Sa, Soheil Saadat, Perminder S Sachdev, Nafis Sadat, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Ramesh Sahathevan, Joseph Salama, Payman Salamati, Joshua A Salomon, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Ramon Sanabria, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Damian Santomauro, Itamar S Santos, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Maria Inês Schmidt, Ione J C Schneider, Sam Schulhofer-Wohl, Aletta E Schutte, David C Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson E Servan-Mori, Katya Anne Shackelford, Saeid Shahraz, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mansour Shamsipour, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Jayendra Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Muki Shey, Peilin Shi, Chloe Shields, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Shreya Shirude, Ivy Shiue, Haitham Shoman, Mark G Shrime, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Naris Silpakit, João Pedro Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Abhishek Singh, Eirini Skiadaresi, Amber Sligar, David L Smith, Alison Smith, Mari Smith, Badr H A Sobaih, Samir Soneji, Reed J D Sorensen, Joan B Soriano, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Vinay Srinivasan, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Nicholas Steel, Dan J Stein, Caitlyn Steiner, Sabine Steinke, Mark Andrew Stokes, Mark Strong, Bryan Strub, Michelle Subart, Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Bruno F Sunguya, Patrick J Sur, Soumya Swaminathan, Bryan L Sykes, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Ken Takahashi, Jukka S Takala, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Nuno Taveira, Teketo Kassaw Tegegne, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, J S Thakur, Ornwipa Thamsuwan, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Katie E Thomas, Alex H Thompson, Alan J Thomson, Amanda G Thrift, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Roman Topor-Madry, Anna Torre, Miguel Tortajada, Jeffrey Allen Towbin, Bach Xuan Tran, Christopher Troeger, Thomas Truelsen, Derrick Tsoi, Emin Murat Tuzcu, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Kingsley N Ukwaja, Eduardo A Undurraga, Rachel Updike, Olalekan A Uthman, Benjamin S Chudi Uzochukwu, Job F M van Boven, Tommi Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Francesco S Violante, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Tolassa Wakayo, Mitchell T Wallin, Yuan-Pang Wang, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G Weintraub, Daniel J Weiss, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Brian Whetter, Harvey A Whiteford, Tissa Wijeratne, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Belete Getahun Woldeyes, Charles D A Wolfe, Rachel Woodbrook, Abdulhalik Work. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017; 390 (10100):1151-1210.

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Reed J D Sorensen; Joan B Soriano; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Vinay Srinivasan; Jeffrey D Stanaway; Vasiliki Stathopoulou; Nicholas Steel; Dan J Stein; Caitlyn Steiner; Sabine Steinke; Mark Andrew Stokes; Mark Strong; Bryan Strub; Michelle Subart; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Bruno F Sunguya; Patrick J Sur; Soumya Swaminathan; Bryan L Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Ken Takahashi; Jukka S Takala; Roberto Tchio Talongwa; Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Nuno Taveira; Teketo Kassaw Tegegne; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; J S Thakur; Ornwipa Thamsuwan; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Katie E Thomas; Alex H Thompson; Alan J Thomson; Amanda G Thrift; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Roman Topor-Madry; Anna Torre; Miguel Tortajada; Jeffrey Allen Towbin; Bach Xuan Tran; Christopher Troeger; Thomas Truelsen; Derrick Tsoi; Emin Murat Tuzcu; Stefanos Tyrovolas; Kingsley N Ukwaja; Eduardo A Undurraga; Rachel Updike; Olalekan A Uthman; Benjamin S Chudi Uzochukwu; Job F M van Boven; Tommi Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Francesco S Violante; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Theo Vos; Tolassa Wakayo; Mitchell T Wallin; Yuan-Pang Wang; Elisabete Weiderpass; Robert G Weintraub; Daniel J Weiss; Andrea Werdecker; Ronny Westerman; Brian Whetter; Harvey A Whiteford; Tissa Wijeratne; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Belete Getahun Woldeyes; Charles D A Wolfe; Rachel Woodbrook; Abdulhalik Work. 2017. "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016." The Lancet 390, no. 10100: 1151-1210.

Articles
Published: 18 May 2017 in The Lancet
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Summary Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure–the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index–on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0–42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2–55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ACS Style

Ryan M Barber; Nancy Fullman; Reed J D Sorensen; Thomas Bollyky; Martin McKee; Ellen Nolte; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Abdishakur M Abdulle; Ahmed Abdulahi Abdurahman; Semaw Ferede Abera; Biju Abraham; Girmatsion Fisseha Abreha; Kelemework Adane; Ademola Lukman Adelekan; Ifedayo Morayo O Adetifa; Ashkan Afshin; Arnav Agarwal; Sanjay Kumar Agarwal; SunilKumar Agarwal; Anurag Agrawal; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Alireza Ahmadi; Kedir Yimam Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi F Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Sayed Saidul Alam; Zewdie Aderaw Alemu; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Lily Alexander; Raghib Ali; Syed Danish Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid A Altirkawi; Elena Alvarez Martin; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Joshu Amo-Adjei; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Benjamin O Anderson; Sofia Androudi; Hossein Ansari; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Hamid Asayesh; Reza Assadi; Ayalew Astatkie; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Suleman Atique; Niguse Tadele Atnafu; Sachin R Atre; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Ashish Awasthi; Nebiyu Negussu Ayele; Peter Azzopardi; Huda Omer Ba Saleem; Till Bärnighausen; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Amitava Banerjee; Aleksandra Barac; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne L Barker-Collo; Lope H Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Kaleab Baye; Yibeltal Tebekaw Bayou; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Eduardo Bernabé; Oscar Alberto Bernal; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Tariku Jibat Beyene; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Boris Bikbov; Sait Mentes Birlik; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Donal Bisanzio; Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu; Dipan Bose; Michael Brainin; Michael Brauer; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Zahid A Butt; Rosario Cárdenas; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato; Josip Car; Juan Jesus Carrero; Daniel Casey; Valeria Caso; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Ferrán Catalá-López; Pedro Cecilio; Kelly Cercy; Fiona J Charlson; Alan Z Chen; Adrienne Chew; Mirriam Chibalabala; Chioma Ezinne Chibueze; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Megan S Coggeshall; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Monica Cortinovis; John A Crump; Koustuv Dalal; Hadi Danawi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I Dargan; Jose das Neves; Gail Davey; Dragos V Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Liana C Del Gobbo; Borja del Pozo-Cruz; Robert P Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Amare Deribew; Don C Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Daniel Dicker; Eric L Ding; Klara Dokova; E Ray Dorsey; Kerrie E Doyle; Manisha Dubey; Rebecca Ehrenkranz; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Iqbal Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Babak Eshrati; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Thomas Fürst; Imad D A Faghmous; Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel; Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon; Talha A Farid; Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha; Andre Faro; Maryam S Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Valery L Feigin; Andrea B Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Jefferson G Fernandes; João C Fernandes; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Thomas D Fleming; Nataliya Foigt; Kyle J Foreman; Mohammad H Forouzanfar; Richard C Franklin; Joseph Frostad; Tsegaye Tewelde G/hiwot; Emmanuela Gakidou; Ketevan Gambashidze; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Wayne Gao; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Teshome Gebre; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Mengistu Welday Gebremichael; Alemseged Aregay Gebru; Amha Admasie Gelaye; Johanna M Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Katherine B Gibney; Ababi Zergaw Giref; Melkamu Dedefo Gishu; Giorgia Giussani; William W Godwin; Audra Gold; Ellen M Goldberg; Philimon N Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Atsushi Goto; Nicholas Graetz; Felix Greaves; Max Griswold; Peter Imre Guban; Harish Chander Gugnani; Prakash C Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Demewoz Haile; Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Alex Hakuzimana; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Mitiku Teshome Hambisa; Samer Hamidi; Mouhanad Hammami; Graeme J Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Josep Maria Haro; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J Hay; Simon I Hay; Delia Hendrie; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Hans W Hoek; Masako Horino; Nobuyuki Horita; H Dean Hosgood; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; Hsiang Huang; John J Huang; Bethany M Huntley; Chantal Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Bogdan Vasile Ileanu; Kaire Innos; Asnake Ararsa Irenso; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B Jakovljevic; Peter James; Spencer Lewis James; Mehdi Javanbakht; Sudha P Jayaraman; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Vivekanand Jha; Denny John; Catherine Johnson; Sarah C Johnson; Jost B Jonas; Knud Juel; Zubair Kabir; Yogeshwar Kalkonde; Ritul Kamal; Haidong Kan; Andre Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Seyed M Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Konstantin Kazanjan; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Andrew Haddon Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Amene Abebe Kerbo; Maia Kereselidze; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim Khalil; Abdur Rahman Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah Khoja; Irma Khonelidze; Jagdish Khubchandani; Getiye Dejenu Kibret; Daniel Kim; Pauline Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Niranjan Kissoon; Miia Kivipelto; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Anneli Kolk; Dhaval Kolte; Jacek A Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael Kravchenko; Sanjay Krishnaswami; Kristopher J Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Ernst J Kuipers; Veena S Kulkarni; G Anil Kumar; Fekede Asefa Kumsa; Michael Kutz; Hmwe H Kyu; Anton Carl Jonas Lager; Aparna Lal; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Qing Lan; Sinead M Langan; Van C Lansingh; Heidi J Larson; Anders Larsson; Dennis Odai Laryea; Asma Abdul Latif; Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz; Janet L Leasher; James Leigh; Mall Leinsalu; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Ricky Leung; Miriam Levi; Xiaofeng Liang; Stephen S Lim; Margaret Lind; Shai Linn; Steven E Lipshultz; Patrick Liu; Yang Liu; Loon-Tzian Lo; Giancarlo Logroscino; Alan D Lopez; Scott A Lorch; Paulo A Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A Lyons; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mark T Mackay; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Mahdi Mahdavi; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Lorenzo G Mantovani; Tsegahun Manyazewal; Chabila C Mapoma; Wagner Marcenes; Guy B Marks; Neal Marquez; Jose Martinez-Raga; Melvin Barrientos Marzan; João Massano; Manu Raj Mathur; Pallab K Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J McGrath; Claire McNellan; Peter A Meaney; Alem Mehari; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Toni Meier; Alemayehu B Mekonnen; Kidanu Gebremariam Meles; Ziad A Memish; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Desalegn Tadese Mengiste; Mubarek Abera Mengistie; Bereket Gebremichael Menota; George A Mensah; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Renata Micha; Anoushka Millear; Edward J Mills; Shawn Minnig; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Charles N Mock; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Shafiu Mohammed; Sanjay K Mohanty; Ali H Mokdad; Glen Liddell D Mola; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Marcella Montico; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Rintaro Mori; Mark Moses; Ulrich O Mueller; Srinivas Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Jean B Nachega; Chie Nagata; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Luigi Naldi; Vinay Nangia; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Ionut Negoi; Sudan Prasad Neupane; Charles R Newton; Marie Ng; Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni; Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri; Grant Nguyen; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Sandra Nolte; Marika Nomura; Ole F Norheim; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques N Noubiap; Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Anselm Okoro; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Pedro R Olivares; Helen E Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; John Nelson Opio; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Richard H Osborne; Majdi Osman; Mayowa O Owolabi; Mahesh Pa; Amanda W Pain; Smita Pakhale; Elizabeth Palomares Castillo; Adrian Pana; Christina Papachristou; Mahboubeh Parsaeian; Tejas Patel; George C Patton; Deepak Paudel; Vinod K Paul; Neil Pearce; David M Pereira; Rogelio Perez-Padilla; Fernando Perez-Ruiz; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; David M Pigott; Julian David Pillay; Christine Pinho; Suzanne Polinder; Constance D Pond; V Prakash; Manorama Purwar; Mostafa Qorbani; D Alex Quistberg; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Kazem Rahimi; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Usha Ram; Saleem M Rana; Zane Rankin; Paturi Vishnupriya Rao; Puja C Rao; Salman Rawaf; Maria Albertina Santiago Rego; Marissa Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M N N Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Satar Rezaei; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Antonio L Ribeiro; Hirbo Shore Roba; Mohammad Bagher Rokni; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A Roth; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Nawal K Roy; Perminder S Sachdev; Ben Benasco Sackey; Mohammad Yahya Saeedi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Muhammad Muhammad Saleh; Joshua A Salomon; Abdallah M Samy; Juan Ramon Sanabria; Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño; Logan Sandar; Itamar S Santos; João Vasco Santos; Milena M Santric Milicevic; Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez; Benn Sartorius; Maheswar Satpathy; Miloje Savic; Monika Sawhney; Mete I Saylan; Ben Schöttker; Aletta E Schutte; David C Schwebel; Soraya Seedat; Abdulbasit Musa Seid; Canaan Negash Seifu; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Berrin Serdar; Edson E Servan-Mori; Tesfaye Setegn; Katya Anne Shackelford; Amira Shaheen; Saeid Shahraz; Masood Ali Shaikh; Marina Shakh-Nazarova; Mansour Shamsipour; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Jayendra Sharma; Rajesh Sharma; Jun She; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Jiabin Shen; Peilin Shi; Mika Shigematsu; Min-Jeong Shin; Rahman Shiri; Haitham Shoman; Mark G Shrime; Ephrem Lejore Sibamo Sibamo; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Sh. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet 2017, 390, 231 -266.

AMA Style

Ryan M Barber, Nancy Fullman, Reed J D Sorensen, Thomas Bollyky, Martin McKee, Ellen Nolte, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Kaja M Abbas, Foad Abd-Allah, Abdishakur M Abdulle, Ahmed Abdulahi Abdurahman, Semaw Ferede Abera, Biju Abraham, Girmatsion Fisseha Abreha, Kelemework Adane, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Ifedayo Morayo O Adetifa, Ashkan Afshin, Arnav Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar Agarwal, SunilKumar Agarwal, Anurag Agrawal, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Alireza Ahmadi, Kedir Yimam Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi F Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alam, Sayed Saidul Alam, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Lily Alexander, Raghib Ali, Syed Danish Ali, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Christine Allen, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid A Altirkawi, Elena Alvarez Martin, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Joshu Amo-Adjei, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Benjamin O Anderson, Sofia Androudi, Hossein Ansari, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Johan Ärnlöv, Al Artaman, Hamid Asayesh, Reza Assadi, Ayalew Astatkie, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Suleman Atique, Niguse Tadele Atnafu, Sachin R Atre, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Ashish Awasthi, Nebiyu Negussu Ayele, Peter Azzopardi, Huda Omer Ba Saleem, Till Bärnighausen, Umar Bacha, Alaa Badawi, Amitava Banerjee, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A Barboza, Suzanne L Barker-Collo, Lope H Barrero, Sanjay Basu, Bernhard T Baune, Kaleab Baye, Yibeltal Tebekaw Bayou, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Yannick Béjot, Aminu K Bello, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabé, Oscar Alberto Bernal, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Boris Bikbov, Sait Mentes Birlik, Charles Birungi, Stan Biryukov, Donal Bisanzio, Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu, Dipan Bose, Michael Brainin, Michael Brauer, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Zahid A Butt, Rosario Cárdenas, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato, Josip Car, Juan Jesus Carrero, Daniel Casey, Valeria Caso, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Ferrán Catalá-López, Pedro Cecilio, Kelly Cercy, Fiona J Charlson, Alan Z Chen, Adrienne Chew, Mirriam Chibalabala, Chioma Ezinne Chibueze, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal A Chitheer, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Megan S Coggeshall, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Monica Cortinovis, John A Crump, Koustuv Dalal, Hadi Danawi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I Dargan, Jose das Neves, Gail Davey, Dragos V Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Diego De Leo, Liana C Del Gobbo, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Robert P Dellavalle, Kebede Deribe, Amare Deribew, Don C Des Jarlais, Subhojit Dey, Samath D Dharmaratne, Daniel Dicker, Eric L Ding, Klara Dokova, E Ray Dorsey, Kerrie E Doyle, Manisha Dubey, Rebecca Ehrenkranz, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Iqbal Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Babak Eshrati, Alireza Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Thomas Fürst, Imad D A Faghmous, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel, Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon, Talha A Farid, Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha, Andre Faro, Maryam S Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Jefferson G Fernandes, João C Fernandes, Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Thomas D Fleming, Nataliya Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Mohammad H Forouzanfar, Richard C Franklin, Joseph Frostad, Tsegaye Tewelde G/hiwot, Emmanuela Gakidou, Ketevan Gambashidze, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Wayne Gao, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Teshome Gebre, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Mengistu Welday Gebremichael, Alemseged Aregay Gebru, Amha Admasie Gelaye, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Katherine B Gibney, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, Giorgia Giussani, William W Godwin, Audra Gold, Ellen M Goldberg, Philimon N Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Atsushi Goto, Nicholas Graetz, Felix Greaves, Max Griswold, Peter Imre Guban, Harish Chander Gugnani, Prakash C Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Vipin Gupta, Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Demewoz Haile, Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Alex Hakuzimana, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Mitiku Teshome Hambisa, Samer Hamidi, Mouhanad Hammami, Graeme J Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L Harb, Habtamu Abera Hareri, Josep Maria Haro, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Rasmus Havmoeller, Roderick J Hay, Simon I Hay, Delia Hendrie, Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Hans W Hoek, Masako Horino, Nobuyuki Horita, H Dean Hosgood, Aung Soe Htet, Guoqing Hu, Hsiang Huang, John J Huang, Bethany M Huntley, Chantal Huynh, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Bogdan Vasile Ileanu, Kaire Innos, Asnake Ararsa Irenso, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B Jakovljevic, Peter James, Spencer Lewis James, Mehdi Javanbakht, Sudha P Jayaraman, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Vivekanand Jha, Denny John, Catherine Johnson, Sarah C Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Knud Juel, Zubair Kabir, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Ritul Kamal, Haidong Kan, Andre Karch, Corine Kakizi Karema, Seyed M Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Anshul Kastor, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Konstantin Kazanjan, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Andrew Haddon Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Amene Abebe Kerbo, Maia Kereselidze, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ibrahim Khalil, Abdur Rahman Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah Khoja, Irma Khonelidze, Jagdish Khubchandani, Getiye Dejenu Kibret, Daniel Kim, Pauline Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Niranjan Kissoon, Miia Kivipelto, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Anneli Kolk, Dhaval Kolte, Jacek A Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael Kravchenko, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Kristopher J Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Ernst J Kuipers, Veena S Kulkarni, G Anil Kumar, Fekede Asefa Kumsa, Michael Kutz, Hmwe H Kyu, Anton Carl Jonas Lager, Aparna Lal, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Qing Lan, Sinead M Langan, Van C Lansingh, Heidi J Larson, Anders Larsson, Dennis Odai Laryea, Asma Abdul Latif, Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz, Janet L Leasher, James Leigh, Mall Leinsalu, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Janni Leung, Ricky Leung, Miriam Levi, Xiaofeng Liang, Stephen S Lim, Margaret Lind, Shai Linn, Steven E Lipshultz, Patrick Liu, Yang Liu, Loon-Tzian Lo, Giancarlo Logroscino, Alan D Lopez, Scott A Lorch, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Raimundas Lunevicius, Ronan A Lyons, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T Mackay, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Mahdi Mahdavi, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Lorenzo G Mantovani, Tsegahun Manyazewal, Chabila C Mapoma, Wagner Marcenes, Guy B Marks, Neal Marquez, Jose Martinez-Raga, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, João Massano, Manu Raj Mathur, Pallab K Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J McGrath, Claire McNellan, Peter A Meaney, Alem Mehari, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Toni Meier, Alemayehu B Mekonnen, Kidanu Gebremariam Meles, Ziad A Memish, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Desalegn Tadese Mengiste, Mubarek Abera Mengistie, Bereket Gebremichael Menota, George A Mensah, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Renata Micha, Anoushka Millear, Edward J Mills, Shawn Minnig, Mojde Mirarefin, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Charles N Mock, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Shafiu Mohammed, Sanjay K Mohanty, Ali H Mokdad, Glen Liddell D Mola, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Marcella Montico, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Rintaro Mori, Mark Moses, Ulrich O Mueller, Srinivas Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Jean B Nachega, Chie Nagata, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Luigi Naldi, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ionut Negoi, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Charles R Newton, Marie Ng, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri, Grant Nguyen, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Sandra Nolte, Marika Nomura, Ole F Norheim, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Anselm Okoro, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew Toyin Olagunju, Pedro R Olivares, Helen E Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, John Nelson Opio, Eyal Oren, Alberto Ortiz, Richard H Osborne, Majdi Osman, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh Pa, Amanda W Pain, Smita Pakhale, Elizabeth Palomares Castillo, Adrian Pana, Christina Papachristou, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Tejas Patel, George C Patton, Deepak Paudel, Vinod K Paul, Neil Pearce, David M Pereira, Rogelio Perez-Padilla, Fernando Perez-Ruiz, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Max Petzold, Michael Robert Phillips, David M Pigott, Julian David Pillay, Christine Pinho, Suzanne Polinder, Constance D Pond, V Prakash, Manorama Purwar, Mostafa Qorbani, D Alex Quistberg, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Kazem Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Usha Ram, Saleem M Rana, Zane Rankin, Paturi Vishnupriya Rao, Puja C Rao, Salman Rawaf, Maria Albertina Santiago Rego, Marissa Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M N N Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Satar Rezaei, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Antonio L Ribeiro, Hirbo Shore Roba, Mohammad Bagher Rokni, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Gregory A Roth, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Nawal K Roy, Perminder S Sachdev, Ben Benasco Sackey, Mohammad Yahya Saeedi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Muhammad Muhammad Saleh, Joshua A Salomon, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Ramon Sanabria, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Logan Sandar, Itamar S Santos, João Vasco Santos, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Miloje Savic, Monika Sawhney, Mete I Saylan, Ben Schöttker, Aletta E Schutte, David C Schwebel, Soraya Seedat, Abdulbasit Musa Seid, Canaan Negash Seifu, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Berrin Serdar, Edson E Servan-Mori, Tesfaye Setegn, Katya Anne Shackelford, Amira Shaheen, Saeid Shahraz, Masood Ali Shaikh, Marina Shakh-Nazarova, Mansour Shamsipour, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Jayendra Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin Shen, Peilin Shi, Mika Shigematsu, Min-Jeong Shin, Rahman Shiri, Haitham Shoman, Mark G Shrime, Ephrem Lejore Sibamo Sibamo, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Sh. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet. 2017; 390 (10091):231-266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan M Barber; Nancy Fullman; Reed J D Sorensen; Thomas Bollyky; Martin McKee; Ellen Nolte; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Abdishakur M Abdulle; Ahmed Abdulahi Abdurahman; Semaw Ferede Abera; Biju Abraham; Girmatsion Fisseha Abreha; Kelemework Adane; Ademola Lukman Adelekan; Ifedayo Morayo O Adetifa; Ashkan Afshin; Arnav Agarwal; Sanjay Kumar Agarwal; SunilKumar Agarwal; Anurag Agrawal; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Alireza Ahmadi; Kedir Yimam Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi F Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Sayed Saidul Alam; Zewdie Aderaw Alemu; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Lily Alexander; Raghib Ali; Syed Danish Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid A Altirkawi; Elena Alvarez Martin; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Joshu Amo-Adjei; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Benjamin O Anderson; Sofia Androudi; Hossein Ansari; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Hamid Asayesh; Reza Assadi; Ayalew Astatkie; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Suleman Atique; Niguse Tadele Atnafu; Sachin R Atre; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Ashish Awasthi; Nebiyu Negussu Ayele; Peter Azzopardi; Huda Omer Ba Saleem; Till Bärnighausen; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Amitava Banerjee; Aleksandra Barac; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne L Barker-Collo; Lope H Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Kaleab Baye; Yibeltal Tebekaw Bayou; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Aminu K Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Eduardo Bernabé; Oscar Alberto Bernal; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Tariku Jibat Beyene; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Boris Bikbov; Sait Mentes Birlik; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Donal Bisanzio; Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu; Dipan Bose; Michael Brainin; Michael Brauer; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Zahid A Butt; Rosario Cárdenas; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato; Josip Car; Juan Jesus Carrero; Daniel Casey; Valeria Caso; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Ferrán Catalá-López; Pedro Cecilio; Kelly Cercy; Fiona J Charlson; Alan Z Chen; Adrienne Chew; Mirriam Chibalabala; Chioma Ezinne Chibueze; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Liliana G Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Megan S Coggeshall; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Monica Cortinovis; John A Crump; Koustuv Dalal; Hadi Danawi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I Dargan; Jose das Neves; Gail Davey; Dragos V Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Liana C Del Gobbo; Borja del Pozo-Cruz; Robert P Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Amare Deribew; Don C Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Samath D Dharmaratne; Daniel Dicker; Eric L Ding; Klara Dokova; E Ray Dorsey; 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