The resource utilization of cyanide tailings has significant environmental and economic benefits. The efficient recovery of gold from low-grade cyanide tailings containing 1.71 g/t Au was performed by a chlorination roasting–flotation process. The effects of roasting temperature, calcium chloride, internal coke, external coke, copper sulfide concentrate, and kaolin on the recovery rate of concentrate, gold grade, and sorting efficiency were investigated. The optimized process parameters were as follows: 16 wt% calcium chloride dihydrate, 6 wt% internal carbon, 1 wt% external carbon, 9 wt% copper sulfide concentrate, 2 wt% kaolin, and roasting temperature of 730 °C. The sorting rate, gold grade, and recovery rate of gold concentrate can reach 88.48%, 33.46 g/t, and 76.7%, respectively, and the gold grade of tailings was as low as 0.17 g/t. In the matte phase, gold can be enriched in the form of gold grains. Therefore, through chlorination roasting, the trapped gold can be released and deposited on the surface of the matte phase due to the transformation from hematite to magnetite. The gold-deposited metal sulfide can be effectively recycled through flotation. These results have potential guiding significance for the efficient recovery of gold from cyanide tailings.