The present study aimed to investigate the impact of practicing sports activities on manual skills, focused on reaction time depending on manual laterality. The objectives of the study were to identify the differences in improving simple, optional, and cognitive reaction times in the manual executions of student athletes who practice team sports involving the manual handling of the ball (volleyball, basketball, handball) in comparison with student athletes who practice individual sports and with non-athletic students; to identify the differences regarding the reaction time of the right- and left-handed executions depending on the manual lateralization of the subjects (right- and left-handedness) between the three experimental samples: team sports group (TSG), individual sports group (ISG), and the group of non-athletes (NAG) through the use of computer tests. The study included 335 subjects who were divided into three groups: TSG with 102 subjects, ISG with 112 subjects, and NAG with 121 subjects. The subjects of the study were given five computer tests to evaluate three types of reaction time: simple reaction time (Start/Stop Test), choice reaction time (Check Boxes Test, Hit-the-dot Test), and time of cognitive reaction (Trail making Test part A and B). The results were analyzed regarding right- and left-handedness, as well as the execution hand (right hand or left hand) in solving the tests. The results of the study highlighted significant statistical differences between the three groups: TSG, ISG, and NAG. The best results were recorded by TSG in all tests, and the lowest by NAG. Statistically significant differences were also recorded between the executions with the dominant hand compared to the executions with the non-dominant hand in relation to right- and left-handedness. The study highlighted that the smallest differences in all the study groups were recorded in the simple reaction time test, where the differences between the right-handed and left-handed executions were the lowest, reflecting the best level of symmetrization of the motor executions.

Exercise-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required for mitochondrial and hypertrophic adaptations, creating a practical trade-off: antioxidant strategies may support short-term performance and recovery yet blunt training signals when mis-timed or over-dosed. We performed a structured narrative review informed by transparent database searches of MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus (2000–2025), prioritizing human intervention studies and using mechanistic evidence to interpret plausibility. Evidence was mapped by antioxidant class, dose, timing, training modality, and context. Across trials, chronic high-dose vitamins C/E taken close to key sessions are most consistently associated with attenuation of redox-sensitive signaling, whereas food-first polyphenols and selected bioactives (e.g., tart cherry/anthocyanins, pomegranate, and curcumin) more often support recovery when positioned away from adaptation-critical workouts, without clear evidence of impaired training gains. N-acetylcysteine can acutely improve tolerance to repeated high-intensity exercise, but effects during prolonged training remain uncertain and appear context-dependent. We propose Redox-Adaptive Periodization, aligning antioxidant class, dose, and timing with the primary objective (adaptation vs. immediate readiness) and environmental constraints, and we outline methodological priorities to advance precision redox management.

Exercise-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required for mitochondrial and hypertrophic adaptations, creating a practical trade-off: antioxidant strategies may support short-term performance and recovery yet blunt training signals when mis-timed or over-dosed. We performed a structured narrative review informed by transparent database searches of MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus (2000-2025), prioritizing human intervention studies and using mechanistic evidence to interpret plausibility. Evidence was mapped by antioxidant class, dose, timing, training modality, and context. Across trials, chronic high-dose vitamins C/E taken close to key sessions are most consistently associated with attenuation of redox-sensitive signaling, whereas food-first polyphenols and selected bioactives (e.g., tart cherry/anthocyanins, pomegranate, curcumin) more often support recovery when positioned away from adaptation-critical workouts, without clear evidence of impaired training gains. N-acetylcysteine can acutely improve tolerance to repeated high-intensity exercise, but effects during prolonged training remain uncertain and appear context-dependent. We propose Redox-Adaptive Periodization, aligning antioxidant class, dose, and timing with the primary objective (adaptation vs. immediate readiness) and environmental constraints, and we outline methodological priorities to advance precision redox management.

Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) initiates a coordinated response in which redox signaling and innate immunity jointly shape tissue clearance, inflammatory resolution, and muscle regeneration. Oxidants generated by contracting myofibres, vascular and stromal cells, and recruited leukocytes can amplify membrane and molecular injury when insufficiently controlled, but they also regulate immune-cell recruitment, phagocytosis, efferocytosis, satellite-cell activity, and adaptive remodeling. This critical review integrates evidence on the temporal and spatial crosstalk among reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, endogenous antioxidant systems, and the regenerative niche after EIMD. Human studies document post-exercise changes in circulating leukocytes and intramuscular immune markers, yet direct cell-specific measurements of redox activity and regeneration remain scarce; most causal mechanisms derive from animal and cellular experiments. The review proposes a time-resolved redox–immune relay encompassing damage sensing, neutrophil-dominant amplification and clearance, monocyte/macrophage reprogramming, inflammatory resolution, and tissue remodeling. Macrophage behavior is treated as a dynamic multidimensional continuum rather than a binary M1/M2 sequence. Seven falsifiable propositions operationalize the framework. They predict that antioxidant effects depend on dose, timing, chemical target, tissue compartment, baseline redox status, and injury severity, and that improvements in soreness, creatine kinase, cytokines, or bulk oxidative markers are insufficient to establish enhanced regeneration. Available evidence does not support indiscriminate suppression of post-exercise oxidation. Instead, interventions should be evaluated by their capacity to constrain pathological oxidation while preserving redox-dependent immune and regenerative signaling.

Professional sport clubs increasingly use artificial intelligence (AI) to forecast demand, personalize offers, automate service, optimize prices, and support retention across ticketing, merchandise, memberships, subscriptions, and digital products. Evidence on these applications remains fragmented across sport management, information systems, marketing, and electronic commerce. This integrative, theory-building narrative review synthesizes 80 analytical sources and uses one additional reporting-quality instrument to examine how organizational capabilities, AI-enabled practices, fan appraisals, outcomes, boundary conditions, and governance interact in club-controlled commerce ecosystems. The review develops a task-based taxonomy—sense and predict, personalize, interact and serve, price and convert, and retain and learn—and proposes a multilevel framework in which governed data, cross-functional orchestration, experimentation, ecosystem integration, and responsible-AI governance enable deployment. Fan-facing effects are proposed to operate through relevance, convenience, enjoyment, authenticity, interaction-specific trust, perceived control, and fairness, while some operational effects may arise more directly. Fan identification is proposed to amplify both positive responses to identity-congruent relevance and adverse responses to perceived opportunism. Nine proposition sets specify relationships that require direct club-level testing. The review concludes with a staged implementation sequence, a balanced measurement dashboard, and priorities for causal, longitudinal, comparative, and governance research.