Cattle breeding is of critical importance in meeting the animal protein needs of the increasing population due to its significant contribution to meat and milk production, which are the main animal protein sources. In addition, cattle breeding has important potential for both the agricultural economy and the general economy in terms of the production and export of value-added agricultural goods and processed products, especially for countries with a large number of cattle. In order to maximize these and similar benefits, to evaluate the structural problems in the livestock sector and to implement effective policies to increase the cattle population to optimum levels, it is of great importance to make data-based decisions and therefore produce sufficient and necessary data. Achieving this will be possible not only with existing data but also by making forward projections with solid scientific methods and estimating the necessary data to plan for the future now. The purpose of this research is to estimate the number of cattle for the next ten years by comparing the results of the artificial neural networks (ANN) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, using Türkiye's cattle number at the beginning of the year for the years 1930-2024. According to the research results, ARIMA had a greater ability to forecast than ANN. Box-Jenkins method was used in the ARIMA estimations. The ARIMA (1,1,0) model was determined to be the most appropriate model for the data, and it was estimated that the number of cattle at the beginning of the year will increase in the next ten years, reaching 17313762 head in 2025 and 17317161 head in 2033, representing a 5.5% increase in the ten-year period.

Previous research has indicated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level is lower in schizophrenia and associated with cognitive impairment. Irisin-BDNF axis may strengthen learning and memory functions. This study examined associations between BDNF, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR gamma) and irisin with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. We enrolled 80 patients with schizophrenia and 80 healthy controls (HCs). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used for biochemical analysis. The Stroop Test, Trail Making Test (TMT), and Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) were used for cognitive assessment. Statistical analyses included t-tests, correlations, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling key confounders. In unadjusted analyses, patients had significantly lower BDNF and PPARγ levels than HCs (ps < 0.001). After controlling for covariates, the difference in BDNF was still significant (F = 11804.71, p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.989), but not for PPARγ (F = 1.32, p = 0.252, partial η² = 0.010). Irisin levels did not differ between groups. Patients performed worse on all cognitive tests. After adjustments, deficits in processing speed (TMT-A, F = 4.30, p = 0.040) and executive function (Stroop-3, F = 5.89, p = 0.016; Stroop-4, F = 6.54, p = 0.012) remained significant. Longer illness duration correlated with lower BDNF (r=-0.318, p < 0.01), while more severe negative symptoms correlated with lower irisin (r=-0.244, p < 0.05). No biomarkers-cognition correlations were found groups separately. Exploratory analyses in the combined sample suggested nominal associations, but these did not survive correction for multiple comparisons and controlling for diagnostic group status. BDNF demonstrates the most robust association with schizophrenia and cognitive function. The association of PPARγ with schizophrenia is confounded by demographic and metabolic factors, and irisin showed a limited link only to negative symptoms. Not applicable.

Objective: Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is one of the chemotherapeutic agents known to cause neurotoxicity. The aim of this study was to experimentally investigate the potential therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) in the prevention of CYP-related neurotoxicity. Methods: A total of 18 rats were divided into three groups: Group 1: CYP, Group 2: CYP + stem cell, Group 3: control. Groups 1 and 2 received intraperitoneal (IP) CYP for 14 days, while the control group received IP saline. Subsequently, hUC-MSCs were administered to Group 2 as treatment. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment was initiated only after completion of cyclophosphamide (CYP) administration to induce neurotoxicit. At the end of the first month, the animals were euthanized. Brain tissues were collected and examined using H&E, neurofilament immunostaining, and silver nitrate staining. Neurodegeneration and regeneration in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices were evaluated in a blinded histopathological manner. Histopathological evaluation of degeneration in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex, as well as cerebral gliosis, was performed and graded between 1 and 4 (0–25%: grade 1, 25–50%: grade 2, 50–75%: grade 3, 75–100%: grade 4). Results: In the CYP group (Group 1), degeneration in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex and a higher number of cerebral glial cells were significantly higher compared to the other groups ( p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001). In Group 2 (CYP + stem cell), evidence of regeneration was observed in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex, along with a reduction in cerebral glial cells ( p < 0.001). The results of the stem cell–treated group were closer to those of the control group. Conclusion: hUC-MSCs demonstrated a neuroprotective effect against CYP-induced neurotoxicity. Stem cell therapy may represent a promising approach to prevent the neurodegenerative effects of cytotoxic agents.

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de tüketici fiyatları ile üretim sürecinin farklı aşamalarındaki fiyat gelişmeleri arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönemli ilişkileri incelemektedir. Bu amaçla, 2018:01–2026:05 dönemine ait aylık tüketici fiyat endeksi (TÜFE), yurt içi üretici fiyat endeksi (Y-ÜFE), yurt dışı üretici fiyat endeksi (YD-ÜFE), tarım ürünleri üretici fiyat endeksi (Tarım-ÜFE) ve hizmet üretici fiyat endeksi (H-ÜFE) verileri kullanılmıştır. Serilerin zaman serisi özellikleri birim kök testleriyle araştırılmış; uzun dönemli ilişkiler Johansen eşbütünleşme testi, kısa dönemli dinamikler ise vektör hata düzeltme modeli aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, tüketici ve üretici fiyatları arasında uzun dönemli denge ilişkilerinin bulunduğunu ve bu dengelerden kaynaklanan kısa dönemli sapmaların zaman içinde düzeltildiğini göstermektedir. Kısa dönemde TÜFE hareketlerinin Y-ÜFE ve YD-ÜFE’deki değişimlerle pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı biçimde ilişkili olduğu, Tarım-ÜFE ve H-ÜFE’nin etkilerinin ise anlamlı olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, üretici fiyatlarından tüketici fiyatlarına geçişin endeksler itibarıyla farklılaştığını ve tüketici enflasyonunun izlenmesinde özellikle yurt içi ve yurt dışı üretici fiyat göstergelerinin bilgi içeriği taşıdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, sektörel üretici fiyat göstergelerini birlikte ele alarak Türkiye’deki fiyat geçişkenliğine ilişkin literatürü genişletmeyi ve fiyat istikrarına yönelik analizlerde kullanılabilecek göstergelerin belirlenmesine katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Gelecekte gözlem sayısının artmasıyla analizin yinelenmesi ve farklı ekonometrik yöntemlerle genişletilmesi, bulguların sağlamlığının sınanmasına ve sonuçların politika analizlerinde gösterge olarak kullanılabilirliğinin değerlendirilmesine imkân sağlayacaktır.