Panel tilt angles (0°–90°) need to be in a proper position and location to get maximum productivity from solar energy. Values used in solar energy applications are generally computed by (global, diffuse, and direct) variation on horizontal surfaces calculated using isotropic sky and a mean albedo method. Being parallel to the available literature concerning such applications, this study focuses on the optimum solar panel angle. In this study, optimum solar panel angle value by months was determined for three sample provinces (Antalya, Kayseri, and Trabzon) first and North Hemisphere then. Capacity calculation of sample provinces was performed based on monthly, seasonal, and annual angle values and horizontal situation. Monthly and annual optimum angle values for Northern Hemisphere by 1° increase for between the latitudes of 1° N and 65° N. While the panel angle is at the highest level in autumn and winter (November-December-January and February) in annual process, the lowest angle is observed in spring and summer (May-June-July-August). Several different mathematical models have been developed for the sample provinces and Northern Hemisphere. While the variable of 12 different models that were developed for provinces is the Declination (δ) coefficient, the variable of 7 different models that were developed Northern Hemisphere is the latitude (Ø). Regional values in literature with estimation results of models were analyzed based on NASA and PVGIS data color scale. There was created a possibility of comparison by aligning all the optimum solar panel angle values of related location via a scale whose values vary by 1 and 10. Moreover, all the models were verified by statistical analysis methods. R² (determination coefficient) in 19 different estimation equations is pretty close or equal to 1. However, the best among them is Eq. 32 (0.9979) for sample provinces and Eq. (33) (1) for the Northern Hemisphere; developed models are less-than-stellar. Other statistical data of these equations are MBE (−0.0616), RMSE (1.1176), t-sat (0.1830), Bias (1). For Eq. (32); MBE (1.96), RMSE (2.75), t-sat (8.13), MPE % (3.98), MAPE (5.87), SSRE (0.27), and RSE (0.06) for Eq. (33). The statistical analyzes indicate that all regression models are applicable in Turkey and Northern Hemisphere. Developed all correlations are recommended for academic and industrial users.

This study aims to develop a high-performance Pt/C catalyst for the cathode and anode parts of a modified Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell in nitrogen and argon gases at different microwave radiation powers. The pure and modified forms of the synthesized Pt/C catalysts were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD results revealed that the crystal structure of the modified Pt/C catalyst was perfect and that the particle size of the catalytic material grew significantly as a consequence of the modification. Furthermore, the durability of PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts was investigated using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The experimental results indicated that microwave radiation had a significant effect on the particle size of the Pt/C catalyst. Additionally, the modified Pt/C catalyst exhibited a decreased activation potential loss and increased the cathode and anode power density values by 34% and 47%, respectively, compared to the Pt/C catalyst.

Fuel cells, which are the technology of the future, are the formation of electrical energy by the combination of hydrogen and oxygen as a result of a chemical reaction and the release of heat with H2O as waste. The fuel cell is a device that consists of an electrolyte and two electrodes during this coupling and converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Since electricity is produced without combustion, less pollution occurs. The part where the chemical reaction takes place in the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell consists of the membrane. In this study, the fuel consumption of different sizes (5-25-50 cm2) of fuel cells was investigated and the factors affecting the performance were determined experimentally. First of all, the PEM fuel cell was installed, and appropriate amounts of Hydrogen (H2) and Oxygen (O2) were sent to the fuel cell according to the characteristics of the established cell. During the study, the performances of different sizes of fuel cells were determined. The performance of fuel cells was evaluated according to their size and the amount of electrical energy they would produce was calculated. It was determined that the most efficient fuel cell is C60H60 with a size of 5 cm2, C60H46 with a size of 25 cm2 and C60H46 with a size of 50 cm2.