Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a vital grain and oil crop, serving as a primary source of edible oil, plant-based protein, and livestock feed. Its production is crucial for ensuring global food security. However, soybean yields are severely impacted by various diseases, and the development of disease-resistant cultivars remains the most sustainable strategy for mitigating these losses. While stable genetic transformation is a common approach for studying gene function, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) offers a rapid and powerful alternative for functional genomics, enabling efficient screening of candidate genes. Nevertheless, the application of VIGS in soybean has been relatively limited. In this study, we established a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS system for soybean, utilizing Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated infection. The TRV vector was delivered through cotyledon nodes, facilitating systemic spread and effective silencing of endogenous genes. Our results demonstrate that this TRV–VIGS system efficiently silences target genes in soybean, inducing significant phenotypic changes with a silencing efficiency ranging from 65% to 95%. Key genes, including phytoene desaturase (GmPDS), the rust resistance gene GmRpp6907, and the defense-related gene GmRPT4, were successfully silenced, confirming the system’s robustness. This work establishes a highly efficient TRV–VIGS platform for rapid gene function validation in soybean, providing a valuable tool for future genetic and disease resistance research.

The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a highly conserved eukaryotic protein complex that plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress responses by modulating the ubiquitination pathway. Emerging evidence underscores its significance in plant immunity, where it orchestrates diverse defense mechanisms, including hormone signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS), homeostasis, and secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthesis. As a key regulator, CSN influences multiple layers of immune responses, such as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). However, the intricate interplay between CSN and immune regulatory networks remains incompletely understood, and a comprehensive model of its mechanistic framework is still lacking. This review systematically consolidates current knowledge on CSN-mediated immune regulation in plant–pathogen interactions and highlights its role in disease resistance.

Plutella xylostella is a destructive pest damaging the cruciferous plants worldwide. Transgenic plants expressing dsRNA can be widely deployed for pest control. However, highly effective lethal target genes are currently lacking. Here, we assessed the efficacy of RNA interference (RNAi) against P. xylostella through microinjection of in vitro synthesized dsRNA targeting PxvATPaseA. Injecting 800 ng of dsPxvATPaseA into the fourth-instar larvae greatly reduced the corresponding mRNA level by 1.88-fold on day 2, causing 45.8% larval mortality, and lastly 54.2% treated larvae sucessfully pupated. At a higher dose of 1200 ng of dsPxvATPaseA, RNAi efficacy was significantly enhanced. The expression level of PxvATPaseA was reduced by 2.22-fold and 1.92-fold on day 2 and 3, respectively, leading to 79.2% larval lethality, and only 20.8% of depleted larvae pupated. Our results indicate that PxvATPaseA is an effective target for managing P. xylostella. These findings will facilitate the development of genetically modified plants for the control of this pest.

Background/Objectives: The balanced regulation of innate immunity plays essential roles in rhizobial infection and the establishment and maintenance of symbiosis. The evolutionarily conserved cell death suppressor Bax inhibitor-1 plays dual roles in nodule symbiosis, providing a valuable clue in balancing immunity and symbiosis, while it remains largely unexplored in the legume Lotus japonicus. Methods/Results: In the present report, the BI-1 gene family of L. japonicus was identified and characterized. We identified 6 BI-1 genes that translate into peptides containing 240–255 amino acids with different structural characteristics and isoelectric points. We performed phylogenetic analyses and detected evolutionary conservation and divergence among BI-1 proteins from L. japonicus, Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa. Expression profiles among different roots indicated that the inoculation of MAFF303099 significantly increased the expression of most of the L. japonicus BI-1 family genes. We down-regulated the transcripts of LjBI-1a by RNA interference and observed that LjBI-1a promotes nodulation and nodule formation. Conclusions: These discoveries shed light on the functions of BI-1 genes in L. japonicus, and simultaneously emphasize the potential application of LjBI-1a in enhancing the symbiotic nitrogen fixation ability of legumes.